Chapter 12 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
This type of muscle is not striated
A
Smooth muscle
2
Q
This type of muscle is found in the walls of some blood vessels, the stomach and intestinal walls, bronchioles and other organs under involuntary control.
A
Smooth muscle
3
Q
This type of muscle can be under voluntary or involuntary control?
as seen with the reflex test in lab.
A
Skeletal muscle
4
Q
These muscle cells are multinucleated
A
Skeletal muscles
5
Q
Because these muscles contract and relax continuously from before birth until death, they are packed with mitochondria.
A
Cardiac muscle
6
Q
This structure is an extension of the sarcolemma, allowing an action potential to travel deep into the cell.
A
Transverse tubule
7
Q
This structure that stores calcium, when released, calcium will act as an intracellular messenger in muscle cells. What is the name of the structure?
A
Terminal cisternae
8
Q
This structure is found at the end of the sarcomere
A
Z disc
9
Q
This structure is a repeating pattern of bands and lines along the length of a muscle cell
A
Sarcomere
10
Q
This protien undergoes a confirmational change called the power stroke?
A
Myosin
11
Q
This Protein has a binding site for myosin
A
Actin
12
Q
This band is part of a sarcomere’s length of the thick filaments
A
A band
13
Q
What band is part of the sarcomere that only contains thin filament?
A
I band
14
Q
This myofilaments is made up of about 250 myosin in a molecules?
A
Thick filaments
15
Q
Another name for a muscle cell is a muscle?
A
Muscle fiber
16
Q
Actin, troponin and tropomyosin make up this myofilament?
A
Thin filament
17
Q
A part of this contractile protein is an ATPase
A
Myosin
18
Q
This type of neuron innervates skeletal muscle cells?
A
Somatic motor neuron
19
Q
The receptive area of a muscle cell is called?
A
Motor end plate
20
Q
The area that includes the axon terminal of the neuron and the receptive area of the muscle cell is called?
A
Neuromuscular junction
21
Q
what neurotransmitter is released by a neuron that innervates skeletal muscle?
A
Acetylcholine
22
Q
which receptor to the neurotransmitter ACH that will bind at the receptive area on a skeletal muscle is?
A
Nicotinic receptors
23
Q
When the neurotransmitter Ach binds to the nicotinic receptors, the channels open that allow this Ion to enter?
A
Sodium
24
Q
When a muscle cell is excited, an action potential is generated and spreads along the sarcolemma and down the transverse tubules. The action potential activates these proteins that are located on the transverse tubules?
A
Dihyropyridine receptor
25
When this voltage sensitive receptor in the membrane of the transverse tubules is activated,
it undergoes a confirmational change ( change in shape)
which activates these attached proteins on the intracellular side of the cell.
These proteins in the terminal cisternae are actually calcium release channels.
Ryanodine receptors
26
Calcium diffuses into the cytosol, this is the last step in signal\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for the muscle cell?
Transduction
27
Calcium enters the cytosol and binds to this protein \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which has a high affinity binding site for calcium?
Troponin
28
This protein to which calcium binds to
undergoes a conformational change
and pulls on the long Protein on the thin filament?
Tropomyosin
29
When the long protein on the thin filament is moved, a binding site opens for this protein?
Actin
30
When the proteins active binding site opens on the thin filament this proteins head can move up and bind there?
Myosin
31
The head of the protein on the thick filament, when activated undergoes a conformational change when it binds to the protein on the thin filament.
This change in shape is called the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, during which the thin filament is pulled toward the M-line in the sarcomere
Power stroke
32
The binding of ________ to the myosin head causes the head to be released from Actin.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
33
Once the head is released from actin, the enzyme named __________ is activated on the myosin head, allowing it to catalyze the breakdown of ATP
Myosin ATPase
34
By this chemical reaction it will leads to the _______ of the myosin head?
Phosphorylation
35
The ____ made available by the breakdown of ATP
(Remember: ATP——\> ADP + P + ?) is used to reset or cock the myosin head
Energy
36
When myosin binds to actin, A ________ is then released from the head of the myosin molecule and then a power stroke takes place.
Phosphate
37
At the end of the power stroke, what is released from the myosin head,\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
Leaving an open binding site for a new ATP
ADP
38
if the concentration of the second messenger ______ is high in the cytosol, allowing the chemical cascade that results in the exposure of the binding site on Actin.
Calcium
39
When a muscle cell is activated, these proteins on the Sarcoplasmic reticulum get busy trying to return the cell to its resting state
Calcium pumps
40
When an action potential is spreading along the sarcolemma, these proteins get busy trying to reset the normal, resting chemical Disequilibrium
Sodium and potassium pumps
Na+/k+ pumps
41
Given its metabolic characteristics, this fiber type is likely to produce the least amount of lactic acid?
Slow oxidative
42
This fiber type is the most anaerobic?
Fast Glycolytic
43
Of the three muscle fiber types these are the slowest to develop tension?
Slow oxidative
44
this fiber type has the fewest mitochondria?
Fast glycolytic
45
This fiber type has the greatest capillary density, allowing for a better oxygen delivery and CO2 removal
Slow oxidative
46
This fiber type is the quickest to fatigue?
Fast glycolytic
47
this type is a hybrid of the other two types?
Fast oxidative glycolytic
48
This fiber type has the most myogoblin, the molecule that binds and transports oxygen inside the muscle cell
Slow oxidative
49
This fiber type has the largest diameter, reflecting the amount of Contractile proteins inside and the ability to generate force
Fast glycolytic
50
For meat eaters, this fiber type of what makes up “white meat”?
fast glycolytic
51
Sympatho-Adrenal pathway is the only Sympathetic Nervous Sysytem pathway that does what?
It doesn't synapse with a post ganglionic neuron
(it goes directly to the Adrenal Medulla
52
Where is the Adrena Medulla located?
What is the name and type of Nt that the Adrenal Medulla releases?
it is located on or above the kidney
(it is a specialized Neural tissue)
Adrenal Medulla will release a Neurohormone
(epinephine)
53
What is epinehine and what does it do when it is released ?
Epinephine is a Neurohormone
delivered throught the blood
(it takes slower to reach but it last longer)
54
Beta Receptors agonist are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
They are agonist and will stimulate and acivate and mimics.
EX: albuterol
55
Agonist do what?
they mimic
56
if an agonist effects a beta receptor what will it do?
It will target all beta receptors in the body
57
with the Symapthetic
Postganglionic Neurotransmitter:
1. what is the name of the neurotransmitter?
2. what is the receptor type?
3. What is the name of the enzyme that it is synthesized from?
4. what is the inactivating Enzyme?
5. what NT is the varicosity membrane transporter for?
1. Norepinephrine
2. A & B Adrenergic receptor
3. Tyrosine
4. Monoamie Oxidase in mitochondrian of varicosity
5. norepinephrine
58
Parasympathetic Division
Postganglionic Neurotransmitter:
1. what is the name of the neurotransmitter?
2. what are the 2 the receptor type's?
3. What are the names of the enzyme it is synthesized from?
4. what is the inactivating Enzyme?
5. what NT is this varicosity membrane a transporter for?
1. Acetylcholine
2. Nicotinic & Muscarinic
(general name: Cholinergeic receptor)
3. Aceytl COA & choline
4. choline
59
What is the primary neurotransmitter for the Sympathetic Nervous System?
What receptor does it bind to?
Norepinephrine
it binds to adrenergic receptor
60
What receptors are located on the heart and the kidney?
Beta 1 Adrenergic recpetor
(GPCR)
61
What is the name of the receptors that are located on smooth muscle of blood vessels?
Alpha Adrenergic recpetors
62
What type of signal molecule is Norepinephrine?
What class?
A neurotransmitter
63
what type of signal molecule is Epinephrine?
Where is it released?
Epinephrine is a Neurohormone
it is released by the adrenal medulla
64
what stimulus is stronger an
increase in CO2
or
decrease in O2
Increase in CO2
| (it can change the Ph of the blood)
65
What are varicosities?
they are bead like structures on the neurons of the Autonimc Neurosystem
Action potentials will spread down them and secrete by exocytosis
(like an axon terminal)
66
What type of varicosities will release a neurotransmitter over the surface of the cell?
Autonomic varcosities
67
norepinephrine will release and remove at a sympathetic neuromuscular junction
Think axon terminal but with beads
Sympathetic Varicosties
68
monoamine oxidase is the inactivating enzyme for what NT?
Where is monoamie oxidase located?
norepinephrine
it will break down and inactivate the norepinephrine
and it is located in the mitochondria
69
symapathetic:
1. what is the preganglionic name for the NT?
1. what is this receptors name?
2. What is the postganglionic name for the NT?
2. What are the receptors ?
1. Acetylcholine
Nicotinic receptors
2. Norepinephrine
3. Adrenergic receptors
70
parasympathetic:
1. what is the preganglionic name for the NT?
1. what is the name of the receptor for this NT?
2. What is the postganglionic name for this NT?
2. What are the receptors for this NT?
1. Acetylcholine
1. receptor type: nicotinic receptor
2. Acetylcholine
2. receptor type: Muscarinic receptor
71
when a muscle contracts/shortens slowly\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (more or less) force can be generated?
more
72
when a muscle shortens quickly (more or less) _____ force can be generated?
less
73
what is a motor unit composed of?
one motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates
74
how do you increase force?
by increasing the number of motor unit recruited
75
what is hypertrophy?
enlargement of cells
or
enlargement of muscle
76
what is hyperplasia?
increasing the number of cells
| (not for humans)
77
3 muscle Fiber types; name them ( SO, FOG, FG)
1. more aerobic; more mitochondria; uses stored fat for energy;more capillaries
2. hybrid of both slow oxidative & fast glycolytic
3. contract rapidly; relies on glycolysis; makes lactic acid; stores more glucogen
1. slow oxidative
2. fast oxidative glycolytic
3. fast glycolytic
78
what does length-tension relationship do?
the muscle changes in length
79
where is the greatest force output at the muscles?
mid-length
80
what does increase in muscle length mean?
fewer binding sites lined up
81
what does a decrease in muscle length mean?
thin filaments will cross active sites covered
82
what moves through the open gated channels on the sarcolemma and is the first phase of action potential?
sodium in 1st
potassium out 2nd
83
action potential will spread down the sarcolemma and its extensions are called what?
tranverse tubules
84
what is the protein called on the tranverse tubles?
what is it sensitive to?
1. dihydrpyridine receptor protein
2. voltage gated sensitive
85
what is a dihydrpyridine receptor?
it is a voltage sensitive protein receptor
that is linked to Ca2+ channels
in Endoplasmic Reticulum
86
Dihydrpyridine receptor pulls on what channel?
it will pull on the Ryanodine receptor calcium channels
87
(what happens at the neuromuscular junction)
1. what is the NT?
2. what is the type of receptor that it binds to on the motor end plate?
(general and specific)
3. Then what happens when the NT binds to receptor, what happens to the charge?
4. what inactivates ACH and how?
5. Then what happens to the products that are broken down?
1. Acetylcholine
2. nicotinic receptor (receptor channel)
3. 2 ACH binds at active site; channels open for Na+/K+; cell depolarizes
4. Acetylcholinestrace breakdown the signal molescules to Acetyl and Choline
5. Acetyl= diffusion
choline= reuptake
88
acetylcholine is always excitatory
what is the end goal we are trying to achieve?
1. Muscle contraction
2. a cell response
89
How does muscle know when to contract?
somatic motor neurons communicates with the muscle
90
what releases the signal molecule to the muscle cell?
Somatic motor neuron
91
where does the communication take place in a muscle?
neuromuscular junction
92
what is the name of the signal molecule that is released for muscles?
acetylcholine
93
what stores ACH before it is released?
What is it released by?
secretory vesicles
A somatic motor neuron
94
to what type of receptors does acetylcholine bind to?
(Specific and general names)
specific= nicotinic receptors
general= receptor channel
(2 ACH)
95
What is located on the motor end plate?
membrane receptors
96
when ACH binds to a nicotinic receptor cholinergeric receptor
what happens?
chemically gated ion channels open
for 2 binding sites for ACH
This will allow the Na+ entry
depolaring the cell and triggers a action potential
which leads to muscles contraction
97
The part of the myosin that extends up from the tail and towards the thin filament is called?
The Crossbridge
98
crossbridge cycles use\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pumps for active transport?
calcium
99
what is this a map of?
events at the neuromuscular junction
leads to
excitation contraction coupling
that leads to
Ca2+ signals
leads to
contraction/relaxtion cycles
branches to either
muscle twitch or sliding filament theory
map of muscle contraction
100
what are troponins 3 sub-units?
bind actin
bind Ca2+
tropomyosin
101
when myosin binds to actin what happens?
muscle contraction
102
what story does this explain?
1. ATP binds to myosin head
2. actin-myosin bond releases from actin
3. activates myosin ATPase (breaks down ATP)
ATP-----\> ADP+P+Energy
4. The energy used to cock myosin head (orginal state)
5. when myosin binds to active site on actin
6. a phosphate is released
7. triggers power stroke
8. power stroke ends
9. ADP still on the myosin head
ADP released from myosin
cycle repeats
8. ADP is still on the head
9. ADP released from myosin
crossbridge cycle
103
The crossbridge cycle will keep going as long as it has enough _______ is in the cytosol.
calcium
104
what are the characteristics of myosin?
is part of the thick filament attached to the M-line
it has a head and a tail
105
which part of the myosin binds to the thin filament?
the head
106
which protein does myosin bind to?
actin
107
what does the myosin head do?
power stroke
108
tension is developed by the interaction betweeen _____ & \_\_\_\_\_\_
actin and myosin
109
in the resting cell the binding site on actin is covered by what protein?
tropomyosin
110
what ion activates the cells allowing actin and myosin to interact?
calcium
111
calcium binds to what protein to activate the cell?
troponin
112
what is the name of the process when a myosin head attaches to actin and is tilted?
power stroke
113
after the power stroke all myosin heads tilt towards the M-line.
When does this do to the thin filament with the distance on the Z-disc?
power stroke pulls on the thin filaments which causes the z-disc to decrease
114
what does the distance on the z-disc do to the sarcolemma?
it will decrease the length on the sarcomere
115
what does the sliding filament theory do?
it is how skeletal muscles contract
it involves the thick and the thin filaments and their molecules
116
what molecules are involved in the sliding filament theory?
1. myosin
2. actin
3. tropomyosin
4. troponin
5. ATP
6. Ca2+
117
what is the name of the process of a contraction?
power stroke
118
thin filament componets:
1. what is an actin chain?
it is a long chain of actin molecules (pearals)
119
troponin has the 3 sub-units on actin chain?
1. permanently binds to actin
2. permantly binds to myosin
3. it has a binding site for Ca2+
120
what are tropomysin's inhibitory effect's?
The inhibitory effect is the part that covers the binding sites
121
what pulls tropomyosin away and exposes actin active sites?
troponin
122
which protein binds to actin's active site?
myosin
123
what is the name of the protein in the thin filaments?
(it helps with actin alignment)
nebulin
124
what is the thick filament made out of (250)
it has a head and a tail?
myosin
125
what helps connect all the myosin together?
myosin tails
126
what is the part that is involoved in muscle contraction?
it binds to actin and ATP
is an ATPase
it is globular
myosin head
127
what does myosin ATPase do?
it is an enzyme on myosin head that catalyzes the breaksdown of ATP to ADP+P+energy
converts energy into mechanical energy
128
what are the 2 things about the crossbridge you can tell me?
it is made up of myosin head and hinge
is the link between thick and think filaments
129
explain to me a power stroke?
the myosin head tilts when binding to actin pulling on the thin filament
130
what is A-band?
runs the length of the thick filament
131
what is the I-Band?
only contains thin filament
132
what is a z- disc?
the structure at the end of a sarcomere
133
what is the M-line?
it runs down the center of a sarcomere
134
what is the H-Zone?
only contains thick filament
135
what type of filament is made up of myosin
that is anchored to the M-line
and is held in place by titin?
Thick filament
136
what is the name of the protein that binds to the Z-disc and the M-line?
Titin
137
what kind of filament has 3 proteins
actin, troponin, tropomyosin
and is invloved in chemical casade leading to contraction?
thin filament
138
what are tranverse tubles?
they are the extensions of sarcolemma that run deep into the cell
139
what structure surrounds each myofibril?
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and it contains calcium
140
calcium in a muscle cells does what?
calcium is an important intracellular messenger
it initiates a chemical cascade that leads to exocytosis that leads to muscle contraction
141
what does
1.calcium cause _______ for neurons to do their job
and
2. what is a job of a muscles?
1. exocytosis
2. contract, force, movement
142
what is 1 myofibril made of?
sarcomere (z-disc-------z-disc)
I-Band (thin anchors to Z-disc)
M-line (thick)
143
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
1. cardiac muscle
2. smooth muscle
3. skeletal muscle
144
the whole muscle is a bundle of?
Fasicles
145
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are bundles of muscle fibers?
fasicles
146
a muscle fiber is also called what?
muscle cell
147
muscle cells are bundles of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
myofibrils
148
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are bundles of myofilaments?
myofibrils
149
what are the names of the 2 types of myofilaments?
thick and thin
150
what type of muscle tissue is multinucleated?
skeletal muscles
151
\_\_\_\_\_ & ______ are proteins that form the complexes we call filaments?
actin and myosin
