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SAT II Biology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Animals

A

multicellular eukaryotes

all are heterotrophs and acquire nutrients by ingestion

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2
Q

Movement

A

a characteristic of all animals

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3
Q

Movement can refer to

A
  • beating of cilia or the waving of tentacle to capture prey
  • locomotion, movement from place to place
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4
Q

Some animals like hydra or sponges are

A

sessile, meaning they don’t move

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5
Q

The hydra (phylum Cnidaria) feeds by

A

moving it tentacles and stinging prey that swims near enough to touch

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6
Q

Some mollusks have a mantle which

A

secretes a shell that offers protection

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7
Q

Some arthropods, like crabs and grasshoppers, have an exoskeleton

A

consisting mostly of the polysaccharide, chitin, which does not grow with the animal and must be shed periodically

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8
Q

Exoskeletons

A

protects the soft body inside

in combination with muscles, it enables the animal to move rapidly

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9
Q

Animals, like the nematodes (roundworms). flatworms (planaria), and annelids (earthworms) have a

A

hydrostatic skeleton, a closed body compartment filled with fluid
-muscles change the shape of this fluid-filled compartment enabling the animal to move from place to place

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10
Q

Chordates, like frogs, cats, and humans, have an

A

endoskeleton made of bone and cartilage that grows as the animal grows

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11
Q

Bones are connected to each other at joints by

A

ligaments while tendons connect bones to muscles

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12
Q

Remember

endo vs exo skeleton

A

endoskeleton grows the animal

exoskeleton does not

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13
Q

Most life exists only within a fairly narrow range from

A

0 C - 50 C

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14
Q

What’s the most stable environment and experience the least fluctuation in environmental temperatures?

A

the ocean

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15
Q

Temperatures on land

A

fluctuate enormously

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16
Q

The size of ears in a jackrabbit can be correlated to

A

the climate it lives in

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17
Q

Jackrabbits ear’s in cold vs. warm

A

C: small ears close to the head to minimize heat loss
W: long ears to dissipate heat from the many capillaries that make their ears appear pink

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18
Q

How else can animals regulate body temperatures ?

A

by changes in behavior

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19
Q

Snakes

A

warm itself in the sun and cool off by hiding in the shade

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20
Q

Bees

A

swarming in a hive raises the temperature inside the hive

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21
Q

Dogs

A

pant and sweat through their tongues

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22
Q

Elephants

A

lack sweat glands but wet down their thick skin with water and flap their ears, which are rich in capillaries

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23
Q

Humans

A

shiver/jump around to keep wamr

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24
Q

Animals on a cold prairie in winter

A

huddle to decrease heat loss

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25
Ectotherm
means heated from outside | closest in meaning to cold-blooded
26
Endotherm (Homeotherm)
the scientific word for warm blooded | -maintaining a constant body temperature despite changes in the environmental temperature
27
Which animals are endotherms/homeotherms?
birds and mammals
28
Being 'warm-blooded' requires
enormous energy
29
How did being warm-blooded give birds and mammals an edge in ancient Earth when the dominant animal was the reptile?
mammals and birds can be active at any time while reptiles can only be active when the temperature permits it
30
Excretion
removal of metabolic wastes | these include water, CO2, and nitrogenous wastes
31
3 different types of nitrogenous wastes
ammonia urea uric acid
32
Ammonia
- very soluble in water and highly toxic | - excreted generally by organisms that live in water, including hydra and fish
33
Urea
- not as toxic as ammonia - excreted by earthworms and humans - in mammals, it's formed in the liver from ammonia
34
Uric Acid
- pastelike substance that that is not soluble in water and therefore not very toxic - excreted by insects, many reptiles, and birds, with a minimum of water loss
35
Organism: hydra Structure: Nitrogenous Waste:
none | ammonia
36
Organism: platyhelminthes (planaria) Structure: Nitrogenous Waste:
flame cells | ammonia
37
Organism: earthworms Structure: Nitrogenous Waste:
nephridia (metanephridia) | urea
38
Organism: insects Structure: Nitrogenous Waste:
malpighian tubules | uric acid
39
Organism: humans Structure: Nitrogenous Waste:
nephrons | urea
40
Where does digestion occurs in cnidarians like hydra and jellyfish?
gastrovascular cavity which only has 1 opening, the mouth
41
The animal (hydra-cnidarians) has a 2-way digestive tract meaning
food enters the same opening as waste exists
42
Hydra-phylum cnidaria | Cells of the gastrodermis (lining of the gastrovascular cavity or gastrocoel)
secrete digestive enzymes into the cavity to aid in extracellular digestion (where the main part of digestion occurs)
43
Since the cnidarians are animals, their cells
contain lysosomes that carry out intracellular and extracellular digestion
44
What is the basic body plan of the hydra? of the jellyfish?
polyp | medusa
45
Symmetry of cnidarians
primitive and radial
46
Cell layers of Cnidarians
2 cell layers, ecto and endoderm | layers are held together by mesoglea (middle glue)
47
Why doesn't the hydra need a circulatory system?
every cell is in direct contact with its environment
48
All cnidarians have cells called cnidocytes that contain
stingers, called nematocysts
49
Explain the nervous system of cnidarians
response to environment is controlled by a primitive nervous system, a nerve net, where impulses travel in all directions from any site -as a result, entire animal responds to a single stimulus
50
How do cnidarians reproduce?
sexually and asexually by budding
51
What's budding
a bud is a genetically identical but miniature version of the parent that forms within or on the parent, ultimately it breaks free
52
The digestive tract of the earthworm is
a long, straight tube
53
Earthworm digestion - Step 1
mouth ingests decaying organic matter along with soil
54
Earthworm digestion - Step 2
from the mouth, food moves to the esophagus and then to the crop, where it is stored
55
Earthworm digestion - Step 3
the gizzard which consist of thick muscular walls, grinds up the food with the help of sand and soil, which were ingested along with the organic matter
56
Earthworm digestion - Step 4
the rest of the digestive tract consists of the intestines where chemical digestion and absorption occur
57
What is absorption in earthworms enhanced by?
the presence of a large fold in the upper surface of the intestine, called the typhlosole, which greatly increases the surface area
58
How does the exchange of respiratory gases work in earthworms?
occurs passively by diffusion through the moist skin earthworm are said to have an external respiratory surface because diffusion of these gases occurs at the animal's surface
59
Earthworm's Circulatory System- heart
-heart consist of 5 pairs of aortic arches that pump blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries
60
Why do we think the earthworm has a closed circulatory system?
since blood never normally leaves these blood vessels
61
The brain of the earthworm consists of
2 dorsal, solid, fused ganglia that connect to a solid, ventral nerve cord
62
The earthworm has paired ________ ub every body segment to remove the nitrogenous waste urea
nephridia
63
Earthworm reproduction
earthworm is a hermaphrodite
64
Grasshopper's Digestive Tract
consists of a long tube consisting of a crop and a gizzard
65
Grasshopper has specialized mouthparts for
tasting, biting, and crushing food
66
Grasshopper has a gizzard that contains
plates made of chitin that help grind food
67
Grasshopper digestive tract is also responsible for removing
nitrogenous waste uric acid from the animal | -malpighian tubules
68
Grasshopper circulatory system - heart
-heart is tubular and animal lacks capillaries
69
Grasshopper has an
open circulatory system where blood normally leaves the artery and moves through interconnected sinuses or hemocoels (spaces surrounding the organs)
70
Arthropod blood doesn't carry
hemoglobin or oxygen
71
Grasshopper/Arthropods&Crustaceans Respiratory system
internal respiratory surface because exchange of oxygen and CO2 occurs inside the animal
72
In an internal respiratory surface,
air enters the body through spiracles and travels through a system of tracheal tubes into the homecoels or sinuses, where diffusion occurs
73
In arthropods and some mollusks, oxygen is carried by
hemocyanin, a molecule similar to hemoglobin but with copper, instead of iron, as its core atom

SAT II Biology (15 decks)

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