Chapter 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Taxonomy
A
the system we use to name and classify all organisms (living and extinct)
2
Q
Taxonomy is based on the system developed by
A
Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) developed in 18th century
3
Q
System of binomial nomenclature
A
because every organism has a two part name i.e homo sapiens, panthera leo (lion)
4
Q
Linnaeus classified every organism in a
A
hierarchy, taxa, or levels of organization
5
Q
The taxa are:
*king phillip
A
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
6
Q
Kingdom
A
- the most general
- consists of the most varied organisms
7
Q
Species
A
- the most specific
- consists of organisms that are the most similar
8
Q
1950s /60s
A
all organisms were placed into only 3 kingdoms
9
Q
60s - 1990
A
scientists expanded the system to 5 kingdoms : Monera (no longer used), Protists, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
10
Q
1990
A
some scientists added a 6th kingdom, Archaebacteria which included extremophiles (microorganisms that live in extreme environments) and that seemed so different from bacteria that they had to placed into a separate kingdom
11
Q
Today most scientists use the
A
3 domain system
based on DNA analysis
12
Q
The 3 domain system more accurately
A
reflects evolutionary history and the relationships among organisms
13
Q
All life is organized into 3 domains
A
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
14
Q
superkingdoms
A
eukaryota, prokaryota
separate by cell structure
-3 domain system is now favored
15
Q
Why is monera not used anymore?
A
because prokaryotes are spread across two different domains , Archaea and Bacteria
16
Q
Why did scientists switch from the superkingdoms to the 3 domain kingdom?
A
because Archaea have so little in common with bacteria that they must have their own group
17
Q
Why did archaebacteria have to be changed to archaea?
A
because the Archaea are not bacteria
18
Q
Bacteria:
What are bacteria?
A
All are single-celled prokaryotes w/ no internal membranes (no nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplasts)
19
Q
Some bacteria are _____,some are ______.
A
anaerobes, aerobes
20
Q
Bacteria are decomposers that
A
recycle dead organic matter
21
Q
Bacteria play a vital role in
A
genetic engineering (bacteria from the human intestine, escherichia coli, are used to manufacture human insulin)
22
Q
Some bacteria are _____(blue-green algae); others are _________.
A
autotrophic
heterotrophic
23
Q
Do bacteria have introns?
A
bacteria don’t have introns (noncoding regions within DNA)
24
Q
Bacteria have a thick,
A
rigid cell wall
25
Member species correspond roughly to the old grouping _______ and include:
Eubacteria
- blue-green algae
- bacteria like E.coli that live in the human intestine
- those that cause disease like Clostridium botulinum and Streptococcus
- those necessary in the nitrogen cycle, like nitrogen-fixing bacteria
26
Archaea:
unicellular and prokaryotic
| -no internal membranes such as a nucleus
27
Archaea include
extremophiles, microorganisms that live in extreme environments
28
Extremophiles in archaea include
- methanogens
- halophiles
- thermophiles
29
Methanogens
obtain energy by producing methane from hydrogen
30
Halophiles
thrive in environments with high salt concentrations like Utah’s Great Salt Lake
31
Thermophiles
thrive in high temps, like hot springs in Yellowstone, or deep-sea hydrothermal vents
32
Are introns present in archaea?
introns are present in some genes
33
All animals belong in the domain
Eukarya
34
In eukarya
All organisms have a nucleus and internal organelles
35
Eukarya includes the
4 remaining kingdoms
36
4 kingdoms in Eukarya are
protista
fungi
plantae
animals
37
Protista includes organisms that do not fit into the fungi or plant kingdoms such as
seaweeds and slime molds
38
Protista include
the widest variety of organisms but all are eukaryotes
39
Most protista are
single-celled, but many are primitive multi celled organisms
40
What do protista include?
- Includes heterotrophs (such as amoeba and paramecium)
| - autotrophs (euglenas which have a red eyespot to locate light and chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis)
41
How do protists move?
by various means
amoeba use psuedopods
paramecium use cilia
euglena use a flagellum
42
Some protists (i.e. paramecium, algae) sometimes carry out
conjugation, a primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material
43
Some protists also cause
serious diseases like amoebic dysentery and malaria
44
Fungi
All are heterotrophic eukaryotes
| Can be unicellular or multicellular
45
What role do fungi play in ecology?
decomposers
46
Digestion in Fungi
Carry out extracellular digestion by secreting hydrolytic enzymes outside the body
47
[fungi] After digestion ,
the building blocks of the nutrients are absorbed into the body of the fungus by diffusion
48
Fungi are saprobes,
organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter. As such they recycle nutrients in an ecosystem.
49
What are cell walls in fungi composed of?
chitin, not cellulose
50
Certain fungi combine with algae in a
symbiotic relationship forming various lichens which are photosynthetic.
51
Lichens can survive
harsh, cold environments and even live on bare rock.
52
Lichens are often the pioneer organisms,
the 1st to colonize a barren environment in an ecological succession
53
How do fungi reproduce?
Reproduce asexually by budding (yeast), spore formation (bread mold), or fragmentation whereby single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals
-they also reproduce sexually
54
Examples of fungi:
- yeast
- mold
- mushrooms
- fungus that causes athlete’s foot
55
Plantae
All are multicellular, nonmotile, autotrophic eukaryotes
56
Plantae cell walls are made of
cellulose
57
Plants carry out photosynthesis using
chlorophyll a and b
58
Plants store their carbohydrates
as starch
59
How do plants reproduce?
Reproduce sexually by alternating between gametohpyte (n) and sporophyte (2n) generations (known as alternation of generations)
60
Some plants have vascular tissue (_______), and some have no vascular tissue (________)
tracheophytes
| bryophytes
61
Examples of plantae
- mosses
- ferns
- cone-bearing/flowering plants
62
Animalia
- All are heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes
| - Most are motile, can move on their own
63
How do most animals reproduce?
Most animals reproduce sexually with a dominant diploid (2n) stage
64
Animalia: In most species, a small flagellated sperm fertilized
a larger, nonmotile egg
65
What is traditional way of classifying animals?
primarily based on anatomical features (homologous structures) and embryonic development
66
Animalia are grouped in ____ phyla but we commonly discuss _____
35
| 9
67
What are the 9 commonly discussed phyla?
porifera, platyhelminthes, annelids, arthropods, cnidarians, chordates, nematodes, echinoderms, mollusks
PPAACCNEM
68
Evolutionary Trends in Animals
Organisms began as tiny, primitive, and single celled → lived in oceans → 1st multicellular eukaryotes evolved about 1.5 billion years ago
69
Appearance of each phylum of animal represents
the evolution of a new and successful body plan
70
Important evolutionary trends in animals include:
- specialization of tissues
- germ layers
- body symmetry
- development of a head end
- body cavity formation
71
Cell
basic unit of all forms of life, ex. Neuron
72
Tissue
group of similar cells that perform one particular function, ex. Sciatic nerve
73
Organ
group of tissues that work together to perform related function, ex. Brain
74
Sponges (Porifera) consist of a
loose federation of cells, which are not considered tissue because the cells are relatively unspecialized
75
Sponges possess cells that can
sense and react the environment but have no real nerve or muscular tissue
76
Cnidarians like the hydra and jellyfish possess only the
most primitive and simplest forms of tissue
77
As larger and more complex animals evolved ____________.
, specialized cells joined to form real tissues, organs, and organ systems.
78
Flatworms have organs but no
organ system
79
More complex animals like annelids (earthworms) and arthropods (grasshoppers)
have organ systems
80
The main layers that form various tissues and organ of the body are formed
early in embryonic development and include the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
81
Ectoderm (Outermost layer)
becomes the skin and the nervous system, including the nerve cord and brain
82
Endoderm (innermost layer)
becomes the viscera (guts) or the digestive system
83
Mesoderm (middle layer)
becomes the blood, muscles, and bones
| Examples of animals with only 2 cell layers are porifera and cnidarians
84
Porifera and cnidarians' bodies consist of
the ecto/endoderm and mesoderm, which holds the two layers together (middle glue)
85
More complex animal phyla are
triploblastic, having 3 true cell layers
86
What type of symmetry do primitive animals exhibit? What about sophisticated ones?
Primitive animals exhibit radial symmetry , sophisticated ones exhibit bilateral
87
How are echinoderms an exception in body symmetry?
Echinoderms are an exception because they are an advanced phylum and exhibit bilateral symmetry as larvae but revert to radial symmetry as adults
88
Bilateral Symmetry
Body is organized along a longitudinal axis with right and left sides that mirror each other
89
Most bilaterally symmetrical animals are
triploblastic, w/ ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
90
What came along with bilateral symmetry?
the development of a head- the anterior, and a rear end- the posterior
91
What's clustered at the anterior end?
Sensory apparatus and a brain (or simply ganglia)
92
What's located at the posterior end?
Digestive, excretory, and reproductive structures
93
These organs at the anterior and posterior ends enable animals to
move faster to flee or to capture prey
94
Simple animals
sponges and cnidarians- don't have a head
95
Sophisticated animals beginning with flatworms and ending with chordates all show
cephalization
96
Coelom
a fluid-filled body cavity that is completely surrounded by mesoderm tissue
97
What does coelom represent?
a significant advance in the course of animal evolution because provides a space for elaborate organ systems
98
Primitive animals like flatworms do not have a coelom and are known as
acoelomates→ their bodies are flat and all cells are in direct contact with their watery environment
99
Nematodes or roundworms are called
pseudocoelomates → they have a fluid-filled tube between the endoderm and the mesoderm that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton to support the animal
100
Coelomates are the animals with
coelom and are the most complex in the kingdom
101
Coelomates include the following phyla:
Annelida, Mollusca, Anthropoda, and Chordata
102
3 Main characteristics of Porifera-Sponges
- No symmetry
- No nerve or muscle tissue- sessile (don’t move)
- Consist of 2 cell layers only → ectoderm and endoderm connected by noncellular mesoglea
103
Porifera-Sponges have specialized cells but
no true tissues or organs, each cell carries out many function
104
What did porifera-sponges evolve from?
colonial organisms?
105
If you squeeze a sponge through fine cheesecloth,
it will separate into individual cells that will spontaneously re-aggregate into a sponge
106
How do porifera-sponges reproduce?
Reproduce asexually by fragmentation
| Also reproduce sexually, hermaphrodites
107
Cnidarians include
hydra and jellyfish
108
Body plan of Cnidarians
Body plan is the polyp (vase shaped) which is mostly sessile, or medusa (upside-down bowl shaped), which is mostly motile
109
Life cycle of cnidarians
Life-cycle →
* some go through planula larva (free swimming) stage then go through 2 reproductive stages,
asexually reproducing (polyp) and sexually reproducing (medusa)
110
Cnidarians consist of only
2 cell layers → ectoderm and endoderm connected by noncellular mesoglea
111
Characteristics of cnidarians digestion include:
- Have a gastrovascular cavity where extracellular digestion occurs
- Carry out intracellular digestion inside body cells in lysosomes
112
Cnidarians have no transport system because
every cell is in direct contact with the environment
113
All cnidarians members have
stinging cells-cnidocytes- containing stingers, which are called nematocysts
114
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms including Tapeworms
115
Platyhelminthes are
- simplest animals with bilateral symmetry
| - an anterior end and three distinct cell layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
116
Digestion in Platyhelminthes
- The digestive cavity has only one opening for both ingestion and egestion so food cannot be processed continuously
- They have a solid body and have no room for true digestive or respiratory systems to circulate food or oxygen. Flatworms have solved this problem in a unique way
117
In Platyhelminthes, the body is so flat and thin that many
body cells can exchange nutrients and wastes by diffusion with the environment
118
Nematods
roundworms
119
Nematods are
unsegmented worms with bilateral symmetry but little sensory apparatus
120
Many nematods are
parasitic, trichinella causes trichinosis, which is contracted by eating uncooked pork
121
What species of nematods are widely used as an animal model in studying genes and embryonic development?
C. elegans
122
Annelids
Segmented Worms like Earthworms, Leeches
123
What type of symmetry do annelids have?
Bilateral symmetry with little sensory apparatus
124
Digestion in Annelids
- Digestive tract is a tube-within-a-tube consisting of crop, gizzard, and intestine
- Nephridia for excretion of the nitrogen waste, urea
125
Circulatory system of Annelids
- Closed circulatory system- heart consists of 5 pairs of aortic arches
- Blood contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen
126
Annelids diffusion
Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through moist skin
127
Annelids are
hermaphrodites
128
Mollusks
Squids, Octopuses, Slugs, Clams, and Snails
129
Circulatory system of Mollusks
Open circulatory system with blood-filled spaces called hemocoels or sinuses
130
Symmetry of Mollusks
Have bilateral symmetry with 3 distinct body zones
131
What are the 3-distinct body zones of mollusks?
1. Head-foot which contains both sensory and motor organs
2. Visceral mass which contains the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
3. Mantle a specialized tissue that surrounds the visceral mass and secretes the shell
132
Mollusks have a radula, which is
a movable, tooth-bearing structure, acts like a tongue
133
Most mollusks have
gills and nephridia
134
Arthropods
Insects (Grasshopper), Crustacea (Shrimp, Crab), Arachnida (Spider)
135
2 Main Arthropods Characteristics
- Jointed appendages
| - Segmented into head, thorax, abdomen
136
What protects arthropods and helps their movement?
Chitinous exoskeleton
137
Compare arthropods and annelids
arthropods more sensory apparatus than in annelids, giving them more speed and freedom of movement
138
Circulatory of Arthropods
Open circulatory system with a tubular heart and hemocoels, sinuses
139
Digestion of Arthropods
Mapighian tubules for removal of nitrogenous wastes, uric acid
140
Respiratory System of Arthropods
Air ducts called trachea bring air from the environment into hemocoels
141
Echinoderms
Sea Stars (Starfish) and Sea Urchins
142
Echinoderms are
sessile or slow moving
143
Symmetry of Echinoderms
Bilateral symmetry as an embryo → primitive radial symmetry as an adult , the radial anatomy of the adult is an adaptation to a (sedentary) inactive life
144
Echinoderm's water vascular system creates
hydrostatic support for the tube feet, the locomotive structures
145
How do echinoderms reproduce?
- Reproduce by sexual reproduction with external fertilization
- Can also reproduce by fragmentation and regeneration→ any piece of a sea star that contains part of the central canal will form a completely new organism
146
Sea stars have an endoskeleton consisting of
calcium plates
147
Sea stars have an endoskeleton consisting of
consisting of calcium plates (endoskeleton grows w/ the body, exoskeleton doesn’t and must be shed periodically)
148
Chordates
Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
149
Chordates
Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
150
Chordates have a notochord
a rod that extends the length of the body and serves as a flexible axis
151
The tail aids in _______and ________, the coccyx bone in humans is a _______ of a tail
movement and balance
| vestige
152
Birds+mammals are homeotherms meaning
they maintain a consistent body temp.
153
Other than birds/mammals, all other chordates are
cold-blooded although some reptiles are endotherms (heat from within) and are able to raise their body temp
154
Mammals belong to the phylum
cordata
155
Main 3 characteristics of mammals
- Mothers nourish children w/ milk from mammary glands
- Have hair or fur
- Endotherms (warm-blooded)
156
Most mammals are
placental
| 'eutherians'
157
Eutherians means
the embryo develops internally in a uterus connected ot the mother by a placenta where nutrients diffused from mother to embryo
158
What happens if a marsupial is born very early in embryonic development?
the ‘joey’ completes its development while nursing in the mother’s pouch attached to a tea
159
What are monotremes?
egg-laying mammals
160
Examples of monotremes
the duck-billed platypus and the spiny anteater, derive nutrients from a shelled egg
161
What did primates descend from?
insectivores, small-tree dwelling mammals
162
Primates have dexterous hand and
opposable thumbs, making it possible to do fine-motor tasks
163
Primate's nails replaces
claws + hands and fingers contain many more nerve endings and are sensitive
164
How do primate's forward facing/set close together eyes help them?
face-to-face communication
165
Who engages in the most intense parenting of any mammal?
primates
166
Primates include
humans, gorillas, chimps, orangutans, gibbons, and the old and new world monkey
167
Cladograms and Phylogenetic Trees
These are diagrammatic representations of evolutionary history based on DNA sequences
168
How do you build a cladogram?
you must distinguish the difference between shared traits - those that organisms have in common- and
derived traits- new characteristics or innovations that are not shared with ancestors
169
How do you build a cladogram?
you must distinguish the difference between shared traits - those that organisms have in common- and derived traits- new characteristics or innovations that are not shared with ancestors
