Chapter 11 & 12

Question 1

Drive

Answer 1

A state of unrest or irritation that energizes one behavior over another until one of them removed the irritation

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

The maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions within an organism

Question 3

Allostasis

Answer 3

Defined as maintaining levels of biological conditions that very according to an individual’s needs and circumstances

Question 4

Incentives

Answer 4

External stimuli that pull us toward certain actions

Question 5

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 5

Motivation to do an act for its own sake

Question 6

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 6

Based on the reinforcements and punishments that the act may bring

Question 7

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 7

In organization from the most insistent needs to the ones that receive attention only when all others are under control

Question 8

(1) Self-actualization

Answer 8

The need for creative activities to fulfill your potential

Question 9

Ghrelin

Answer 9

A hormone released when the stomach is empty to stimulate hunger

Question 10

Glucose

Answer 10

The most abundant sugar in your blood, is an important source of energy for the body and almost the only source for the brain

Question 11

Insulin

Answer 11

Increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into body cells

Question 12

Glucagon

Answer 12

Stimulates the liver to release stored glucose back into the blood

Question 13

Leptin

Answer 13

The body’s fat cells release this in amounts proportional to their mass

Question 14

Arcuate nucleus

Answer 14

Within the hypothalamus, has one set of neurons that receive hunger signals

Question 15

Obesity

Answer 15

Excessive accumulation of body fat

Question 16

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 16

Condition in which someone refuses to eat enough to maintain a stable weight, intensely fears gaining weight, and misperceives his or her body as fatter than it actually is

Question 17

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 17

Self deprivation and periods of excessive eating when they feel they have lost their ability to control themselves

Question 18

Scientific-management approach

Answer 18

Theory X, most employees are lazy, indifferent, and in creative

Question 19

Human relations approach

Answer 19

Theory Y, employees like variety in their job, a sense of accomplishment, and a sense of responsibility.

Question 20

Mere measurement effect

Answer 20

Simply estimating your probability of doing some desirable activity increases your probability of that action

Question 21

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 21

This section of the nervous system that controls the organs such as heart and intestines

Question 22

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 22

Arouses the body for vigorous action

Question 23

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 23

Neurons who’s axons extend from the medulla and the lower part of the spinal cord to neuron closures near the organs the parasympathetic nervous system decreases the heart rate and promotes digestion and other non-emergency functions

Question 24

James-Lange theory

Answer 24

Your interpretation of the stimulus of oaks autonomic changes and sometimes muscle actions. your perception of those changes is the feeling it aspect of your emotion

Question 25

Pure autonomic failure

Answer 25

An uncommon condition with unknown cause the autonomic nervous system stops regulating the organs

Question 26

Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotions

Answer 26

The intensity of the physiological state determines the intensity of the emotion, but a cognitive appraisal of the situation identifies the type of emotion

Question 27

Duchenne smile

Answer 27

Full expression including the muscles around the eyes

Question 28

Broaden and build hypothesis

Answer 28

A happy mood increases your readiness to explore new ideas and opportunities

Question 29

Emotional intelligence

Answer 29

Ability to perceive, and imagine, and understand emotions and to use that information in making decisions

Question 30

Anxiety

Answer 30

An increase in the startle reflex

Question 31

Polygraph

Answer 31

Lie detector test

Question 32

Guilty knowledge test

Answer 32

Modified version of the polygraph test, produces more accurate results by asking questions that should be threatening only to someone who knows the facts of a crime that have not been publicized

Question 33

Frustration aggression hypothesis

Answer 33

The main cause of anger is frustration, and obstacle that stands in the way of doing something or obtaining some expected reinforcer

Question 34

Positive psychology

Answer 34

The study of the features that enrich life, such as happiness, hope, creativity, courage, spirituality, and responsibility

Question 35

Subjective well-being

Answer 35

A self evaluation of one’s life as pleasant, interesting, and satisfying

Question 36

Disgust

Answer 36

A reaction to something that would make you feel contaminated if they got into your mouth

Question 37

Contempt

Answer 37

A reaction to a violation of community standards

Question 38

Embarrassment

Answer 38

Mistakes, being the center of attention, and sticky situations

Question 39

Stress

Answer 39

The nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it. And event or events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral responses

Question 40

Cortisol

Answer 40

A hormone which enhances metabolism and increases the supply of sugar and other fuels to the cells

Question 41

Type A personality

Answer 41

Highly competitive, insisting on winning always. They are impatient, always in a hurry, and often hostile

Question 42

Type B personality

Answer 42

More easy-going, less hurried, and less hostile

Question 43

Problem focused coping

Answer 43

People do something to control the situation

Question 44

Reappraisal

Answer 44

Reinterpreting a situation to make it seem less threatening

Question 45

Emotion focused coping

Answer 45

People try to control their emotional reaction

Question 46

Motivation

Answer 46

The process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome