Chapter 11 Flashcards

Question

Eretmocheyls imbricata ## Footnote Chelonia

Answer 1

Hawksbill sea turtle Spongivore Shell highly prized; $100/lb Until 1992 – 20 net tons/Japan Nests on beaches of Hawaii

Answer 2

Olive ridley sea turtle Carnivore Widely distributed in tropical waters Found in Hawaiian waters Rarely nests in Hawaii Arribadas nesting

Answer 3

females nest synchronously at the same time

Answer 4

Kemp’s ridley sea turtle Carnivore Restricted to Gulf of Mexico Critically endangered Arribadas nesting

Answer 5

Loggerhead sea turtle Carnivore Nests in S. Japan – only in N. Pacific Prevalent in Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic

Answer 6

Flatback sea turtle Carnivore but ancestor of green sea turtle Dorsal-ventrally flattened shell Entire life cycle in coastal waters Limited to Australia

Answer 7

Leatherback sea turtle Carnivore; Feeds exclusively on jellyfish Flexible, tapered, & leathery carapace 5 distinct ridges, no scutes Largest sea turtle; 500 kg

Answer 8

teeth and have a beak-like structure to capture and secure prey

Answer 9

1. Nesting must occur during condition which are conducive to adult activity 2. Nesting must occur during conditions that favor embryo development & survival 3. Hatchlings must emerge into conditions that are conducive to their survival

Answer 10

head bobbing, position in water column, head-head bumps, nuzzling, biting, movement of flipper, dinner ♂ mounts ♀, uses enlarged claws on fore & hind flippers to hold carapace Curls long tail to bring cloacea into contact In captivity coupled > 10hrs; ↑ Coupling = ↑ Fertility

Answer 11

1. Emerging from surf 2. Ascending the beach 3. Excavating the body pit 4. Digging the egg chamber 5. Oviposition (egg laying) 6. Filling the egg chamber 7. Filling the body pit 8. Return to the sea

Answer 12

Lay several clutches during a nesting season Lay white, spherical cleidoic eggs with flexible calcareous shells (50-130) Size of eggs differs between clutches and among species Size of eggs, # & # of clutches represent result of adaptive survival compromise

Answer 13

Hatch after 6 – 13 weeks of incubation depending upon temperature Weigh < 50% of oviposition weight Large eggs produce large hatchlings

Answer 14

Typically emerge at night – circumvent two major problems with diurnal emergence: 1. Lethal temperature 2. Predators

Answer 15

Temperature-dependent sex determination – produces ♀ at warm temps, ♂ at cool temps Sensitive period for sex determination takes place during middle third of incubation Less than 28°C - Primarily Males Greater than 30°C – Primarily Females

Answer 16

Focus on conservation protection for reducing turtles divides into two categories: 1. Protection of the animals 2. Protection of their habitat This requires: 1. Protection of eggs 2. Protection of nests 3. Protection of foraging areas 4. Protection of mating areas

Answer 17

Sublingual glands – sea snakes Lingual glands – crocodiles Nasal glands – lizards Lachrymal gland – sea turtles 2X size of leatherback brain

Answer 18

When actived - discharges a fluid 6X that of blood; 2X seawater When inactive – ¼ the concentrating capability Greater than marine birds; 2X shark rectal gland Unlike avian glands – remove Mg2+

Answer 19

Snakes evolved from lizards ≈ 135 mya There are approximately 70 species of sea snakes living in our modern oceans Account for 86% of marine reptile species

Answer 20

Hydrophiids - ‘true’ sea snakes – 54 species Laticaudids - sea kraits – 5 species Acrochordids - file snakes – 3 species Homalopsids - mangrove snakes – 9 species Natricids - salt marsh snakes – 3 species

Answer 21

‘true’ sea snakes The largest group of sea snakes Evolved from Australian terrestrial elapids 30 MYA Have the same toxic venom and envenomation Proteroglyphs have fixed front fangs like their terrestrial ancestors (mambas, cobras, adders) Sea snakes – fully aquatic (never leaving the water) ovoviviparous (bear their young in the water) lack specialized ventral scales

Answer 22

sea kraits Comprise five species, four are marine Are strongly banded and commonly seen in large numbers on beaches in south east Asia and some Pacific Islands Sea kraits have also evolved from terrestrial elapids and are proteroglyphs with highly toxic venom Are very placid and unlikely to bite unless provoked Sea kraits are the only group of sea snakes that are oviparous (egg laying) and must return to land to breed Sea kraits - amphibious (living on land and water), oviparous (returning to land to lay their eggs, have specialized ventral scales for crawling on land

Answer 23

Aerobic dives (O2) average 13 minutes & 20 meters Anaerobic dives (No O2) increase time by 30-45 min 2 hr max depth Ave > 50 m; 90 m max One elongate cylindrical lung extends almost the entire body length for efficient for gas exchange

Answer 24

Oxygen diffuses from sea water across the snake’s skin into tiny blood vessels and carbon dioxide diffuses out

Answer 25

lysis of erythrocytes

Answer 26

delays or prevents blood coagulation

Answer 27

leads to diffusion of venom into cells

Answer 28

Paralyzes prey; for defense Not usually aggressive – many victims on shore

Answer 29

Sea snakes avoid excess salt from sea water using a salt excreting gland, the posterior sublingual gland that sits under the tongue Skin of sea snakes is very resistant to water, and does not let water in the snake easily

Answer 30

paired penises found in snakes and lizards Each is an autonomous independently functioning penis and only one is used during mating Mating takes place for long periods and sea snakes must surface for air during that time

Answer 31

Marine, Fijian, Galapagos land, spinytail, rock, desert, green, and chuckwalla iguanas

Answer 32

Laterally flattened tail, dorsal spines allow for efficient swimming Feed on marine algae Remove salt via salt glands in nose

Answer 33

- ♀ lay 1-6 eggs in burrows dug 30-80cm deep - Eggs are laid in sand or volcanic ash up to 300m or more inland - ♀ guard the burrow for several days then leave the eggs to finish incubation (95 days)

Answer 34

Can remain submerged for up to 60 min, though dives of 5 to 10 min are more common Iguanas spend much of their time restoring body heat ( from cold water) by sunning themselves on the rocks adjacent the shore

Answer 35

Those advanced archosaurs with feathers Those reptiles that fly All reptiles closer to birds than to crocodiles The last common ancestor of all the currently living birds and all of its descendants Of almost 10,000 bird species, only about 300 are considered “marine”

Answer 36

Fishes – Poikilotherms, 2 chambers, Scales Reptiles – Poikilotherms, 3 chambers, Scales Birds – Homeotherms, 4 chambers, Feathers Mammals – Homeotherms, 4 chambers, Hair

Answer 37

Shorebirds (or waders) feed on the abundance of marine life in the intertidal zone Range in size from a sparrow to a chicken Exhibit a variety of bill and foot types Both can dictate feeding life history

Answer 38

type and size of prey

Answer 39

habitat birds can access

Answer 40

Oystercatchers Use bills to slice, pry, and probe

Answer 41

Plovers Heavy body and short bill Turnstones Heavy body and slightly upturned bills

Answer 42

Sandpipers Relatives plovers and oystercatchers; feed on crustaceans and molluscs Pacific golden plover (Pluvialis fulva); Kolea Curlews Use long bills like forceps to extract shellfish Avocets Have long legs and use long upturned bills to sift side to side through the water Stilts Have extremely long legs and use long straight bill to probe mud for food (insects & crustaceans) Hawaiian stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni)

Answer 43

Herons & Egrets One of the most widespread families of wading birds; feed on small fish and crustaceans crustaceans and molluscs Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) & Black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)

Answer 44

feeding strategy

Answer 45

Gulls are extremely vocal birds and are found in large groups Are aggressive carnivorous feeders

Answer 46

are small graceful, seabirds with brightly colored and delicate bills

Answer 47

Skuas are very aggressive relatives of gulls; omnivorous and keen predators on other seabirds and eggs Jaegers are predators known for stealing fishes from terns and other seabirds

Answer 48

Skimmers are small birds with 1) vertical pupils and 2) a flexible protruding lower jaw

Answer 49

Alcids(auks, puffins, and murres); similar looking to penguins but can fly and are more closely related to the gulls

Answer 50

is an evolutionary process whereby similar selective pressures bring about similar adaptations in unrelated groups of animals

Answer 51

are different groups of animals that have evolved independently along the same lines in similar habitats and therefore display similar adaptations

Answer 52

Pelicans and their relatives are members of a group of birds that have webs between their four toes and many have a hooked upper mandible Most are tropical or warm temperate and are well know fishers in open ocean and coastal habitats

Answer 53

a sac of skin that hangs between the flexible bones of a pelican’s lower mandible

Answer 54

Boobies dive from heights of 18-30m into the sea to catch their prey

Answer 55

Cormorants swim along the surface and dive for their prey; are excellent underwater swimmers. Lack oil glands to “waterproof” feathers - must “air dry”

Answer 56

Frigatebirds have lightweight bodies and very long wings; no oil glands so cannot land on water

Answer 57

Tubenoses (petrels, albatrosses, shearwaters) have obvious tubular nostrils on their beaks Better developed sense of smell and larger nasal glands Stomachs contain a large gland that produces an oil composed of liquefied fat and vitamin A for feeding young

Answer 58

Petrels also called the “true” petrels and includes shearwaters and prions; migrate very long distances

Answer 59

Albatrosses are the largest of any living bird and accomplished gliders; restricted range - rely on winds for flight

Answer 60

Storm Petrels small birds with long legs; erratic flyers with flapping wings and use feet paddling under the water

Answer 61

Penguins are the birds most adapted to life in the ocean; all live in Southern Hemisphere; only 2 species in Antarctica; densest feathers – used to trap air

Chapter 11 Flashcards

(85 cards)