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MARE 171 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Seaweeds (macroalgae; limu)

Seaweeds general

A

multicellular algae visible to the naked eye

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2
Q

Phycologist (algologist)

Seaweeds general

A

a scientist that studies seaweeds (limu)

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3
Q

Fouling Community

Seaweeds general

A

an assemblage of organisms that grow on an intertidal or a submerged artificial structure
- seaweeds produce 3-dimensional structure

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4
Q

Compensation Depth

Seaweeds general

A

that depth beyond which primary producers generally cannot survive

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5
Q

Vascular Tissue

Seaweeds general

A

found in higher plants; provides support and transports water, minerals, and food

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6
Q

Thallus

Seaweeds general

A

body of an alga

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7
Q

Holdfast

Seaweeds general

A

part of a thallus that anchors alga to seafloor

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8
Q

Frond (Blade)(seaweed)

Seaweeds general

A

leaf-life part of a seaweed

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9
Q

Stipe

Seaweeds general

A

Stem-like part of the thallus connecting the frond to the holdfast

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10
Q

Green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta)
have

Seaweeds general

A

Chlorophyll b

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11
Q

Brown algae (Phylum Phaeophyta)
have

Seaweeds general

A

Chlorophyll c

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12
Q

Red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta)
have

Seaweeds general

A

Chlorophyll d

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13
Q

Cell walls of Seaweeds are made of

Seaweeds general

A

cellulose

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14
Q

Cuticle

Seaweeds general

A

outermost non-living layer of an organism; multilayered covering of protein – gives seaweeds iridescent shine

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15
Q

Reproduction in Seaweeds

Seaweeds general

A

Can reproduce sexually and asexually

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16
Q

Fragmentation

Seaweeds general

A

production of new organisms from pieces of a parent organism; one type of asexual reproduction

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17
Q

Drift Algae

Seaweeds general

A

seaweeds freed from attachment that can accumulate on windward shores; Sargassum in the atlantic ocean.

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18
Q

Sporangium

Seaweeds general

A

is the part of the seaweed that produces and releases asexual spores; second type of asexual reproduction

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19
Q

Sporophyte

Seaweeds general

A

the asexual spore-producing stage in the life cycle

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20
Q

Gametophyte

Seaweeds general

A

is the stage in the life cycle of an alga or plant during which gametes are produced; sexual reproduction

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21
Q

Gametangium

Seaweeds general

A

the part of the gametophyte where gametes are produced

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22
Q

Alternation of Generations

Seaweeds general

A

describes the lifecycle of plants and includes more than one multicellular stage ; usually one sexual and one asexual

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23
Q

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

A

are seaweeds that bear chlorophylls a & b;
4 classes: 2 FW, 1 Marine, 1 Seaweed (13%)

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24
Q

Coenocytic Green Algae

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

A

Cell grows and the nucleus divides, but the cell does not divide, resulting in a large, multinucleated cell

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25
Tolerance ## Footnote Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
a mechanism to compensate for loss of tissue to herbivory (e.g. rapid growth)
26
Avoidance ## Footnote Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
a mechanism to reduce herbivory by being in a different place or time than the herbivore (e.g. occupy crevices)
27
Deterrence ## Footnote Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
a mechanism to reduce herbivory by repelling a predator (e.g. CaCO3 deposits in cells)
28
Red Algae (Rhodophyta) ## Footnote Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
are seaweeds with chlorophylls a & d and with phycobillins; are 98% marine Main defense – make thalli less edible (impregnated with CaCO3)
29
Carposporophyte ## Footnote Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
a diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of red algae that produces diploid spores
30
Carpospore ## Footnote Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
the diploid, asexual dispersal stage of red algae
31
Tetrasporophyte ## Footnote Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
diploid multicellular stage of red algae that produces spores by meiosis
32
Tetraspores ## Footnote Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
are haploid, asexual dispersal cells of red algae
33
Epiphytes ## Footnote Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
an organism that grows on a multicellular primary producer
34
Epizoic ## Footnote Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
any organism that grows on an animal
35
Coralline Algae ## Footnote Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
group of red algae that deposit CaCO3 in their cells walls; acts like “cement” in coral reef systems
36
Phycocolloids ## Footnote Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
chemicals in cell walls that help improve flexibility and strength and may be extracted for human use
37
Agar ## Footnote Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
a phycocolloid of red algae that is used to make laboratory culture media
38
Carrageenan ## Footnote Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
a phycocolloid of red algae that is used commercially as a thickening agent
39
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) ## Footnote Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
are seaweeds that contain chlorophyll a & c and Fucoxanthin 99.7% are marine, > diversity than green algae, < diversity than red algae
40
Fucoxanthin ## Footnote Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
accessory pigment in brown algae
41
Bladders ## Footnote Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
gas filled floats in the thallus
42
Alginates ## Footnote Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
phycocolloids of brown algae that increase thallus flexibility and strength
43
Trumpet Cells ## Footnote Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
of kelp carry food from fronds to deeper parts of the thallus
44
Receptacles ## Footnote Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
are swollen reproductive parts of a brown algae
45
Conceptacle ## Footnote Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
in brown algae is a chamber in a receptacle that holds the gamete- producing tissue
46
Rhizoids ## Footnote Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
root-like anchoring structures
47
Marine habitats defined by 4 plants ## Footnote Marine Plants
Kelp, Seagrass, Salt Marshes, and Mangrove forests; last 3 are flowering plants and adapted from terrestrial shore plants
48
Stonewort ## Footnote Marine Plants
a plant that is more complex than green algae and related to land plants
49
Phloem ## Footnote Marine Plants
the vascular tissue of plants that carries food from leaves to other parts
50
Xylem ## Footnote Marine Plants
the vascular tissue of plants that carries water from roots to other parts
51
Seed ## Footnote Marine Plants
a dormant stage of vascular plants that bears the embryo within protective and nutritive layers
52
Flowering Plants ## Footnote Marine Plants
a group of vascular plants that produce seeds in a fruit
53
Fruits ## Footnote Marine Plants
are produced from the flower after pollination and contain the seeds
54
Seagrasses ## Footnote Marine Plants
are lily-like plants that live submerged in seawater (SAV) - 66 species (0.02 of flowering plants)
55
Halophytes ## Footnote Marine Plants
plants that grow and reproduce best in the presence of salt
56
Hydrophyte ## Footnote Marine Plants
a flowering plant that lives submerged under water
57
Vegetative Growth ## Footnote Marine Plants
a form of asexual reproduction in which growth regions produce additional units of the plant body of identical genetic makeup
58
Rhizomes ## Footnote Marine Plants
underground horizontal stems
59
Internode ## Footnote Marine Plants
a part of a stem between places where leaves, roots, and stems arise
60
Nodes ## Footnote Marine Plants
parts at which internodes meet and where leaves, roots, and stems arise
61
Roots ## Footnote Marine Plants
arise from nodes and anchor grass
62
Root Hairs ## Footnote Marine Plants
are absorptive extensions of surface cells of a root
63
Scale Leaves ## Footnote Marine Plants
non-photosynthetic structures that protect the growing tip of the stem
64
Foliage Leaves ## Footnote Marine Plants
produce a photosynthetic blade
65
Sheath ## Footnote Marine Plants
non-photosynthetic part of the leaf
66
Blade(marine flowering plants) ## Footnote Marine Plants
green part of the leaf
67
Epidermis ## Footnote Marine Plants
outermost layer of cells of a multicellular organism
68
Aerenchyme ## Footnote Marine Plants
a gas containing tissue in vascular plants that consists of spaces between the cell walls
69
Lacunae ## Footnote Marine Plants
are the expanded, gas-filled spaces in the aerenchyme
70
Tannins ## Footnote Marine Plants
compounds in plants that reduce herbivory and microbial infection
71
Bioturbation ## Footnote Marine Plants
mixing up of sediments by the activities of seafloor animals
72
Pollen ## Footnote Marine Plants
male gametophyte of a seed-bearing plant
73
Stigma ## Footnote Marine Plants
female part of a flower that receives the pollen
74
Hydrophilous pollination ## Footnote Marine Plants
the mechanism for seed dispersal of a pollen grain by water currents from the male flower to the female flower
75
Viviparity ## Footnote Marine Plants
reproduction by the initial retention and nourishment of offspring on or in the parent (a few seagrass species do this)
76
Turbidity ## Footnote Marine Plants
cloudiness in the water from suspended particles
77
Rhizosphere ## Footnote Marine Plants
area below ground that is physically and chemically influenced by the complex roots of a vascular plant
78
Culm ## Footnote Marine Plants
primary vertical stem of a marsh grass
79
Tillers ## Footnote Marine Plants
secondary stems surrounding a culm
80
EAV ## Footnote Marine Plants
Emergent Aquatic Vegetation - salt marsh grass
81
SAV ## Footnote Marine Plants
Submerged Aquatic Vegetation - seagrass
82
Facultative halophyte ## Footnote Marine Plants
plant that thrives in the presence or absence of salt
83
Salt glands ## Footnote Marine Plants
epidermal cells that release salt solutions to control mineral balance in plants
84
Succulent ## Footnote Marine Plants
a plant with enlarged water-filled cells in its tissues
85
Mangroves ## Footnote Mangroves
an intertidal salt –tolerant tree or shrub of tropical coastlines; Black & Red
86
Mangal ## Footnote Mangroves
forest of mangroves
87
Aerial Root ## Footnote Mangroves
a root that occurs above ground
88
Stilt Roots ## Footnote Mangroves
aerial roots that hold up mangroves
89
Prop Root ## Footnote Mangroves
stilt root that arises from the trunk
90
Drop Root ## Footnote Mangroves
stilt root that arises from a branch
91
Lenticels ## Footnote Mangroves
scar-like openings on the surface of roots that supply oxygen to the root system
92
Anchor Roots ## Footnote Mangroves
short branches from the main root that hold the tree in the sediment
93
Nutritive Roots ## Footnote Mangroves
the finest divisions of roots for absorption of minerals
94
Cable Roots ## Footnote Mangroves
a subterranean horizontal part of a root system that extends from the trunk
95
Pneumatophores ## Footnote Mangroves
aerial roots that grow out of the sediment from a cable root and provide air to the root
96
Stomata ## Footnote Mangroves
depressions in the leaf for passage of water and gases
97
Propagule ## Footnote Mangroves
dispersal stage of the mangrove
98
Hypocotyl ## Footnote Mangroves
initial stem of a young plant

MARE 171 (10 decks)

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