chapter 11

Question 1

self concept

Answer 1

attitudes, behaviours and values that a person believes make them an unique individual

Question 2

toddlers and preschoolers self concept

Answer 2

is simple and are likely to mention physical characteristics (i have blue eyes), their preferences (i like cookies), their possessions (i have trucks), and their competencies (i can count to 50) when describing themselves

Question 3

at about 5 to 7 years children’s self descriptions behind to change

Answer 3

they’re more likely to mention emotions and social groups they belong to

Question 4

self concepts change as children enter adolescence

Answer 4

they include attitudes and personality traits and make religious and political beliefs part of their self concept
as well their self concept can vary with setting

Question 5

adolescent egocentrism

Answer 5

the self absorption that is characteristic of teenagers as they search for identity

Question 6

imaginary audience

Answer 6

adolescents feelings that their behaviour is constantly being watched by their peers

Question 7

personal fable

Answer 7

the feeling of many adolescents that their feelings and experiences are unique and have never been experienced by anyone else before

Question 8

illusion of invulnerability

Answer 8

the belief, common among adolescents that misfortune happens only to others

Question 9

in dealing with identity crisis most adolescents experience different phases

Answer 9

diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement

Question 10

diffusion

Answer 10

individuals in this status are confused or overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and are doing little to achieve one

Question 11

foreclosure

Answer 11

individuals in this status have an identity determined largely by adults rather than from personal exploration of alternatives

Question 12

moratorium

Answer 12

individuals in this status are still examining different alternatives and have yet to find a satisfactory identity

Question 13

achievement

Answer 13

individuals in this status have explored alternatives and have deliberately chosen a specific identity

Question 14

ethnic identity

Answer 14

the feeling that one is part of an ethnic group. understanding special customer and traditions of the groups culture and heritage

Question 15

enculturation

Answer 15

the degree to which a person is integrated into a particular culture

Question 16

adolescents are more likely to achieve an ethnic self concept when

Answer 16

their parents encourage them to learn about their culture heritage and prepare them for possible discrimination

Question 17

adolescents who have achieved an ethnic identity tend to have

Answer 17

higher self esteem and find their interactions with family and friends more satisfying. they are also happier and worry less

Question 18

acculturation

Answer 18

the process of integrating into and adopting the customs of a different culture

Question 19

self esteem

Answer 19

a persons judgment and feelings about his or her own worth

Question 20

in the elementary school year four specialized areas of self esteem stand out

Answer 20

scholastic competence
athletic competence
social competence
physical appearance

Question 21

scholastic competence

Answer 21

how competent or smart the child feels in doing schoolwork

Question 22

athletic competence

Answer 22

how competent the child feels at sports and games requiring physical skill or athletic ability

Question 23

social competence

Answer 23

how competent the child feels in relationships with parents and peers

Question 24

physical appearance

Answer 24

how good looking the child feels and how much the child likes their physical characteristics such as height weight face and hair

Question 25

general praise for ability can

Answer 25

lead the child to choose easy options or to not try hard for fear of failure

Question 26

praise that focuses on effort

Answer 26

encourages the child to try hard, even if the task seems difficult

Question 27

children with low self esteem are

Answer 27

more likely to have problems with peers, more prone to physiological disorders such as depression, more likely to be involved in bullying and aggressive behaviour, more likely to do poorly in school

Question 28

recursive thinking

Answer 28

a childs ability to think about what others are thinking particularly when another persons thoughts refer to the child (he thinks that i think)