CHAPTER 11

Question 1

Three basic shapes of prokaryotic cells are

Answer 1

spherical cocci, rod-shaped bacilli, and spirals.

Question 2

spirals may be

Answer 2

stiff (spirilla)
flexible (spirochetes)

Question 3

Other variations in shapes include

Answer 3

vibrios (slightly curved)
coccobcilli (intermediate to cocci and bacilli)
pleomorpnhic (variable shape and size)

Question 4

produced within vegetative cells of the Gram-positive genera Bacillus and Clostridium.

Answer 4

environmentally resistant endospores

Question 5

kinds of endospores

Answer 5

terminal
subterminal
centrally located

Question 6

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by

Answer 6

binary fission, snapping division (a type of binary fission), spore formation, and budding.

Question 7

Cocci may typically be found in groups, including

Answer 7

long chains (streptococci), pairs (diplococci), four- somes (tetrads), cuboidal packets (sarcinae), and clusters (staphylococci).

Question 8

three domains of living things

Answer 8

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

Question 9

how many phylas of archaea are there

Answer 9

5

Question 10

how many phylas of bacteria are there

Answer 10

24

Question 11

part of domain archaea ; microbes that require extreme conditions of temperature, pH, pressure, and/or salinity to survive.

Answer 11

extremophiles

Question 12

live at temperatures above 45°C and 80°C, respectively, because their DNA, membranes, and proteins do not function properly at lower temperatures.

Answer 12

Thermopiles and hyperthermophiles

Question 13

depend on high concen- trations of salt to keep their cell walls intact. Halophiles such as Halobacterium salinarum

Answer 13

Halophiles

Question 14

Halophiles such as Halobacterium salinarum synthesize purple proteins called __ that harvest light energy to synthesize ATP.

Answer 14

Bacteriorhodopsins

Question 15

are obligate anaerobes that produce methane gas and are useful in sewage treatment.

Answer 15

Methanogens

Question 16

have rRNA sequences thought to be similar to those of earliest bacteria. They are autotrophic and live in hot, acidic, and anaerobic environments, often with intense exposure to sun.

Answer 16

Deeply branching bacteria

Question 17

trap light energy with photosynthetic lamellae.

Answer 17

Photographic bacteria

Question 18

The five groups of phototrophic bacteria are

Answer 18

cyanobacte- ria, green sulfur bacteria, green nonsulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and purple nonsulfur bacteria

Question 19

reduce atmospheric N2 to NH3 via a process called nitrogen fixation

Answer 19

Cyanobacteria

Question 20

Many cyanobacteria fix nitrogen in thick-walled cells called

Answer 20

Heterocysts

Question 21

Green and purple bacteria use ___ for anoxygenic photosynthesis.

Answer 21

bacteriochlorophylls

Question 22

contains bacteria with a G + C content (the percentage of all base pairs that are guanine-cytosine base pairs) of less than 50%.

Answer 22

Firmicutes

Question 23

include the genus Clostridium (pathogenic bacteria that cause gangrene, tetanus, botulism, and diarrhea), Epulopiscium (which is large enough to be seen without a microscope), and Selenomonas (often found in dental plaque

Answer 23

Clostridia

Question 24

are Gram-positive, pleomorphic, facultative anaer- obes and obligate anaerobes that lack cell walls and therefore stain pink with Gram stain. They are frequently associated with pneumonia and urinary tract infections.

Answer 24

Mycoplasma

Question 25

Examples of low G + C gram positive bacilli and cocci important to human health and industry

Answer 25

Bacillus staphylococcus Listeria lactobacillus Streptococcus enterococcus

Question 26

high G + C bram-positive bacteria are classified in

Answer 26

Phylum actinobacteria

Question 27

Bacteria in Corynebacterium store phosphates in

Answer 27

Metachromatic granules

Question 28

Members of the genus Mycobacterium, including species that cause tuberculosis and leprosy, grow slowly and have unique, resistant cell walls containing waxy

Answer 28

mycolic acids

Question 29

resemble fungi in that they produce spores and form filaments; this group includes Actinomyces (normally found in human mouths), Nocardia (useful in degradation of pollutants), and Streptomyces (produces important antibiotics).

Answer 29

Actinomycetes

Question 30

a very large group of Gram-negative bacteria divided into five classes—the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, and epsilonproteobacteria.

Answer 30

Proteobacteria

Question 31

include a variety of aerobes, many of which have unusual cellular extensions called prosthecae. Azospirillum and Rhizobium are nitrogen fixers that are important in agriculture.

Answer 31

Alphaproteobacteria

Question 32

Some members of the alphaproteobacteria are nitrifying bacteria, which oxidize NH3 to NO3 via a process called

Answer 32

Nitrification

Question 33

include the nitrifying Nitrosomonas and pathogenic species such as Neisseria (gonorrhea), Bordetella (whooping cough), and Burkholderia (which colonizes the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients).

Answer 33

Beta proteobacteria

Question 34

constitute the largest class of proteobacteria; they include purple sulfur bacteria, intracel- lular pathogens, methane oxidizers, facultative anaerobes that utilize glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, and pseudomonads.

Answer 34

Gamma proteobacteria

Question 35

are anaerobic bacteria that use methane for both carbon and energy.

Answer 35

Methane oxidizers

Question 36

including pathogenic Pseudomonas and nitrogen- fixing Azotobacter and Azomonas, utilize the Entner-Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways for catabolism of glucose.

Answer 36

Pseudomonads

Question 37

include Desulfovibrio (important in the sulfur cycle and in corrosion of pipes), Bdellovibrio (pathogenic to bacteria), and myxobacteria. The latter form stalked fruiting bod- ies containing resistant, dormant myxospores.

Answer 37

Delta proteobacteria

Question 38

include some important human patho- gens, including Campylobacter and Helicobacter.

Answer 38

Epsilon proteobacteria

Question 39

Scientists discovered ___ using metagenomic sequencing, which entails sequencing all the DNA from a site so as to ascertain all microbes present. Zetaproteobacteria oxidize iron in marine environments.

Answer 39

zetaproteobacteria

Question 40

are Gram-negative cocci typified by the genus Chlamydia; they cause neonatal blindness, pneumonia, and a sexually transmitted disease.

Answer 40

Chlamydias

Question 41

flexible, helical bacteria that live in diverse envi- ronments. The pathogens Treponema (syphilis) and Borrelia (Lyme disease) are important spirochetes.

Answer 41

Spirochetes

Question 42

flexible, helical bacteria that live in diverse envi- ronments. The pathogens Treponema (syphilis) and Borrelia (Lyme disease) are important spirochetes.

Answer 42

Spirochetes

Question 43

include Bacteroides, an obligate anaerobic rod that inhabits the digestive tract, and Cytophaga, an aerobic rod that degrades wood and raw sewage.

Answer 43

Bacteroids

Question 44

types of proteobacteria

Answer 44

alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta

Question 45

used to describe cells that are intermediate in shape between cocci and bacilli; that is, it is difficult to ascertain whether a coccobacillus is an elongated coccus or a short bacillus.

Answer 45

Coccobacillus

Question 46

A variation of binary fission called

Answer 46

Snapping division

Question 47

survey of archaea

Answer 47

extremophiles methanogens

Question 48

two kinds of extremophiles

Answer 48

halophiles and thermophiles

Question 49

survey of bacteria

Answer 49

deeply branching and phototrophic bacteira

Question 50

survey of bacteria

Answer 50

deeply branching and phototrophic bacteria low g + c gram positive bacteria high g + c gram posiitve gram negative proteobacteria other gram negative

Question 51

types of firmicutes

Answer 51

clostridia mollicutes bacilli

Question 52

what are the other gram negative bacteria

Answer 52

chlamydias spirochetes bacteroids