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chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Controls our perception and experience of the world

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

Includes brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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3
Q

Made up of billions of nerve cells or neurons; protected by the bones of skull

A

Brain

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4
Q

begins at foramen magnum and continues through vertebral foramina of first cervical to first or second
lumbar vertebra

A

Spinal Cord

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5
Q

consists of all nerves in body outside protection of
skull and vertebral column

A

PNS

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6
Q

gather information about internal and external
environments of body; input is gathered by sensory or afferent division of PNS; further divided into somatic and visceral divisions; Sensory input from both divisions is carried from sensory receptors to spinal cord and/or brain by spinal and cranial nerves

A

Sensory Functions

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7
Q

consists of neurons that carry signals from skeletal muscles, bones, joints, and skin; also transmits signals from organs of vision, hearing, taste, smell, and balance; sometimes called special sensory division

A

Somatic Sensory Division

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8
Q

consists of neurons that transmit signals from viscera (organs) such as heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys, and urinary bladder

A

Visceral Sensory Division

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9
Q

analyze and interpret
incoming sensory information and determine an appropriate response

A

Integrative Functions

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10
Q

actions performed in response to integration; performed by motor or efferent division of
PNS; can be further subdivided into somatic and autonomic divisions, based on organs that neurons contact

A

Motor Functions

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11
Q

consists of neurons that transmit signals to skeletal muscle

A

Somatic motor division

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12
Q

Visceral motor division

A

Autonomic Nervous system

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13
Q

caused by poliovirus; infection that impacts CNS and especially spinal cord

A

Poliomyelitis

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14
Q

make up over 99% of all neurons

A

Multipolar Neurons

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15
Q

with one axon and one dendrite and a cell body between them; found in eye and olfactory epithelium in
nasal cavity

A

Bipolar Neurons

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16
Q

carry information toward CNS;

A

Sensory or afferent neurons

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17
Q

relay information within
CNS between sensory and motor neurons; make up most of neurons in body; multipolar, communicating with many other neurons

A

Interneurons or association neurons

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18
Q

carry information away from cell body in CNS to muscles and glands; mostly multipolar

A

Motor or efferent neurons

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19
Q

composed of repeating layers of plasma membrane
of Schwann cell or oligodendrocyte in PNS and CNS respectively

A

Myelin Sheath

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20
Q

process that forms myelin sheath from plasma
membranes of neuroglial cells; wrap themselves around axon
forming multiple layers of membrane

A

Myelination

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21
Q

segments of axon that are covered by
neuroglia

A

Internodes

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22
Q

gap between adjacent neuroglia; where myelin sheath is absent

A

Node of Ranvier

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23
Q

composed of myelinated axons that
appear white

A

White matter

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24
Q

originate
in brain; most are gliomas

A

Primary brain tumors

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25
composed of neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated dendrites and axons that appear gray
Gray matter
26
exposure to ionizing radiation and certain diseases
Predisposing conditions
27
varies with tumor type, age, and health of patient; generally involves surgical removal of mass with chemotherapy and perhaps radiation therap
Treatment
28
travel short distances
Local Potentials
29
travel entire length of axon
Action Potentials
30
sodium channels open, allowing positively charged sodium ions to flow into cell; membrane potential becomes more positive
Depolarization
31
potassium ion channels open; allows positively charged potassium ions to flow out of cell; cell becomes more negative, returning to resting membrane potential
Repolarization
32
cell becomes more negative than its normal resting membrane potential due to loss of potassium ions (cations) plus loss of anions such as chloride
Hyperpolarization
33
period of time, after neuron has generated an action potential, when neuron cannot be stimulated to generate another action potential; can be divided into two phases
Refractory period
34
when no additional stimulus (no matter how strong) is able to produce an additional action potential
Absolute refractory period
35
follows immediately after absolute refractory period; only a strong stimulus can produce an action potential
Relative refractory period
36
rate of propagation; influenced by both axon diameter and presence or absence of myelination; conduction speed determines how rapidly signaling can occur within nervous system
Conduction speed
37
in myelinated axons where insulating properties of myelin sheath increase efficiency and speed of signal conduction; action potentials only depolarize nodes of Ranvier and “jump over” internodes
Saltatory conduction
38
in unmyelinated axons where every section of axolemma from trigger zone to axon terminal must propagate action potential; slows conduction speed as each successive section of axon must depolarize
Continuous conduction
39
certain cells of immune system attack myelin sheaths within CNS; type of autoimmune disorder (patient’s own immune system attacks part of body)
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
40
result from progressive slowing of action potential propagation; exact symptoms depend on region of CNS affected; most exhibit changes in sensation (e.g., numbness), alterations in behavior and cognitive abilities, and motor dysfunction, including paralysis
Symptoms
41
where a neuron meets its target cell
Synapse
42
neuron sending message from its axon terminals
Presynaptic neuron
43
neuron receiving message from presynaptic neuron at its cell body, axon, or dendrites
Postsynaptic neuron
44
transfer of chemical or electrical signals between neurons at a synapse; fundamental process for most functions of nervous system
Synaptic transmission
45
either neuron can be pre or postsynaptic depending on which direction current is flowing between them
Transmission is bidirectional
46
time gap between arrival of action potential at axon terminal and effect on postsynaptic membrane
Synaptic delay
47
toxin causes massive release of neurotransmitter leading to repetitive stimulation of postsynaptic neuron
Female black widow
48
most lethal of 40 species in United States; venom prevents postsynaptic sodium channels from closing; membrane remains polarized and continues to fire action potential
Bark scorpion
49
muscle hyperexcitability, sweating, nausea and vomiting, and difficulty breathing
Common symptoms
50
depends on amount of venom received and availability of medical care; severe cases usually require antivenin to block effects of toxin
Treatment and prognosis
51
small molecule neurotransmitter widely used by nervous system
Acetylcholine
52
bind to ACh; found in neuromuscular junction, within brain and spinal cord and within autonomic nervous system
Cholinergic synapses
53
class of five neurotransmitters synthesized from amino acids; used throughout CNS and PNS for many functions such as regulation of homeostasis and cognition; first three form catecholamine subgroup, all of which are made from amino acid tyrosine; mostly excitatory
Biogenic amines
54
found mainly in ANS where it influences heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion; in CNS it regulates sleep/wake cycle, attention, and feeding behaviors
Norepinephrine (catecholamine, also known as noradrenalin)
55
also used in ANS; has similar functions as norepinephrine; more widely used as a hormone by endocrine system.
Epinephrine (catecholamine, also known as adrenalin
56
used extensively by CNS; helps to coordinate movement; involved in emotion and motivation
DOPAMINE
57
synthesized from amino acid tryptophan; most serotonin-secreting neurons are found in brainstem; axons project into multiple areas of brain; functions include mood regulation, emotions, attention, feeding behaviors, and daily rhythms
Serotonin`
58
synthesized from amino acid histidine; involved in regulation of arousal and attention
Histamine
59
most important excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS; binds to its ionotropic postsynaptic receptors and opens channels that allow for flow of both sodium and calcium ions; generate EPSPs in postsynaptic neuron
Glutamate
60
both major inhibitory neurotransmitters; induce IPSPs on postsynaptic neurons by opening chloride ion channels; hyperpolarize axolemma
Glycine and GABA
61
group of neurotransmitters that have a wide variety of functions within nervous system; must be synthesized in cell body and transported to axon
Neuropeptides
62
released from type C sensory afferents that carry information about pain and temperature; also released by other neurons in brain, spinal cord, and gu
Substance P
63
make up a group of more than 20 neuropeptides that include endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins, all of which elicit pain relief and are nervous system depressants
Opioids
64
neuropeptide involved in feeding behaviors and may mediate hunger or feeling full
Neuropeptide Y
65
affect thought processes; generally treated by modifying synaptic transmission to change how neurons communicate with each other
Psychiatric disorders
66
study of drugs that affect higher brain functions) targets either action potential generation or some aspect of neurotransmitter physiology
Psychopharmacology
67
characterized by repetitive psychotic episodes
Schizophrenia
68
marked by disturbances in mood; thought to result from deficiency in synaptic transmission of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine
Depressive disorders
69
characterized by exaggerated and inappropriate fear responses
Anxiety disorders
70
characterized by episodes of abnormal elevated mood (mania) followed by depression
Bipolar disorders
71
groups of interneurons within CNS
Neuronal pools
72
patterns of synaptic connection between neural pools; two basic types of neural circuits
Neural circuits
73
begin with a single input neuron axon that branches out to make contact with multiple postsynaptic neurons that follow same pattern
Diverging circuits
74
basically opposite configuration of diverging circuits; axon terminals from multiple input neurons converge on onto a single postsynaptic neuron
Converging circuits
75
recurrent episodes of abnormal, disorganized electrical activity in brain (seizures)
Epilepsy

Anatomy (14 decks)

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