Chapter 11 Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary articulation that joins the lower extremity to the axial skeleton?
A
Sacro-iliac joint
2
Q
How is the Sacro-iliac joint classified?
A
Non-axial and non-planar
3
Q
What type of forces are created on the femoral neck by the bending moment?
A
Top: Torsion or Tensile Forces
Bottom: Compressive Forces
4
Q
How many muscles span the hip joint?
A
17 muscles
5
Q
What are the four major groups of muscles acting on the hip joint?
A
- Anterior
- Medial
- Posterior
- Lateral
6
Q
Which muscles are included in the anterior group that flex the hip?
A
- Iliacus
- Rectus Femoris
- Sartorius
- Psoas
7
Q
What is the primary action of the gluteus medius during hip abduction?
A
Stabilizes the pelvis during the support phase of walking and running
8
Q
What is the Trendellenburg Gait a result of?
A
Decrease or absence of activity of the gluteus medius
9
Q
What happens to the torso in Trendellenburg Gait?
A
It must be tilted to the affected side
10
Q
What are the primary muscles involved in lateral rotation of the femur?
A
- Gluteus maximus
- Gemellus superior
- Gemellus inferior
- Obturator internus
- Obturator externus
- Quadratus femoris
- Piriformis
11
Q
What type of joint is the knee classified as?
A
Synovial and bi-axial, double condyloid
12
Q
What is the primary plane of movement for the knee joint?
A
Sagittal Plane
13
Q
What is the range of motion for flexion at the knee?
A
Approximately 150°
14
Q
What does ‘valgus’ refer to in the context of knee alignment?
A
When the distal part is more lateral
15
Q
What is the role of the quadriceps muscles at the knee joint?
A
Prevent unwanted knee flexion
16
Q
What is a common reason for knee flexion issues?
A
Differences in extensor moments
17
Q
What role does the hamstring play during anti-gravity movements?
A
Co-contraction with quadriceps to stabilize the spine
18
Q
What causes a hamstring pull?
A
Rapid movement and incomplete muscle relaxation
19
Q
What is the function of the patella in relation to the quadriceps?
A
Increases the internal moment-arm of the quadriceps
20
Q
What is the maximum compressive force at the tibiofemoral joint?
A
When the knee is fully extended
21
Q
What is the most frequent ankle injury?
A
Sprain of the lateral collateral ligaments
22
Q
What movements are involved in an inversion sprain?
A
Inversion and plantar flexion
23
Q
What is the significance of the pronator moment created by ground reaction force and body weight?
A
Due to the medial alignment of the talus on the calcaneus
24
Q
What does the pelvic girdle join?
A
The pelvic girdle joins the lower extremity to the axial skeleton.
25
What is the articulation of the pelvic girdle?
The articulation is the sacro-iliac joint.
26
Is the sacro-iliac joint axial and planar?
No, it is non-axial and non-planar.
27
With which structures does the pelvis articulate?
The pelvis articulates with the lumbar vertebrae and the femoral heads.
28
What type of forces act on the sacro-iliac joint?
Axial forces act on the SI joint.
29
What increases the stability of the sacrum?
Muscles acting on the sacrum increase stability.
30
What occurs at the lumbo-sacral junction?
Moments occur on the lumbo-sacral junction.
31
What is the composition of the muscles controlling the femur and pelvic girdle?
There is a total of 17 muscles spanning the hip joint.
32
What are the four major anterior muscles of the hip?
The anterior muscles are Iliacus, Rectus Femoris, Sartorius, and Psoas.
33
List the five major medial muscles of the hip.
The medial muscles are Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Pectineus, and Gracilis.
34
What are the five major posterior muscles of the hip?
The posterior muscles are Semi-tendinosus, Semi-membranosus, Long head of the biceps femoris, Gluteus maximus, and the six small lateral rotators.
35
What are three lateral muscles of the hip?
The lateral muscles are Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus, and Tensor fascia latae.
36
What movements do the muscles on the respective sides of the pelvis control?
They control the movements of the hip joint.
37
In hip flexion, which is stationary, the pelvis or the femur?
In hip flexion, the pelvis is stationary and the femur moves.
38
What occurs during hip flexion with respect to pelvis movement?
For movements of the pelvis, the pelvis moves while the femur is stationary.
39
What is the result of an anterior pelvic tilt?
The result is hip flexion and an anterior pelvic tilt.
40
What muscles are engaged in hip flexion?
The muscles include Iliacus, Rectus Femoris, Sartorius, Psoas, Pectinius, and TFL.
41
What actions occur in the frontal plane during physical activity?
Examples include jumping jacks and side movements.
42
Identify the primary movers in hip abduction.
The primary mover is Gluteus medius, assisted by Gluteus minimus and Tensor fascia latae.
43
What is the role of the abductors during walking?
Abductors stabilize the pelvis during the support phase of walking and running.
44
How do the abductors function during the swing phase?
They contract isometrically to prevent downward pull of the pelvis by the swinging leg.
45
What is the Trendellenburg gait?
It results from decreased or absent activity of the gluteus medius.
46
What compensatory action occurs during Trendellenburg gait?
The torso tilts to the affected side to keep the center of gravity within the base of support.
47
Name the muscles involved in hip adduction.
The adductors are Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Pectineus, and Gracilis.
48
What characterizes movements in the transverse plane at the hip?
Lateral and medial rotation of the femur.
49
What is the strength comparison between medial and lateral rotators?
Medial rotators are weak in comparison to lateral rotators, approximately by a factor of three.
50
What occurs in the screw-home mechanism of the knee?
Muscles crossing the knee joint laterally rotate with extension.
51
What classification does the knee joint have?
The knee is classified as synovial and bi-axial, and it is a double condyloid joint.
52
How many degrees of freedom does the knee have?
The knee has six degrees of freedom of movement.
53
What is the primary plane of movement at the knee joint?
The primary plane of movement is the sagittal plane.
54
What are the typical movements at the knee joint during flexion?
The total range of knee flexion is approximately 150°.
55
What happens during valgus stress at the knee?
When the distal part is more lateral, it is called valgus.
56
What happens during varus stress at the knee?
When the distal part is more medial, it is called varus.
57
What role do collaterals play during knee strain?
Collateral ligaments protect from varus and valgus strain.
58
Which muscles control knee extension?
Muscles crossing the knee joint anteriorly, such as the quadriceps.
59
What is a common reason for unwanted knee flexion?
Tight hamstrings are the most common reason.
60
What muscle's pull counteracts lateral pull on the patella?
The horizontal pull of the VMO counteracts the lateral pull.
61
What is the role of the patella in knee movement?
The patella increases the moment arm of the quadriceps.
62
What two motions do ankle sprains involve?
Inversion and plantar flexion.
63
What causes a pronator moment in the foot?
A pronator moment is created by ground reaction force and body weight.
64
What must occur for hamstrings to prevent injury during rapid movements?
Hamstrings must relax before actions requiring their lengthening.
65
What are the causes of a hamstring pull?
Causes include rapid movement, incomplete muscle relaxation, and the bi-articular nature of hamstring muscles.
66
What is the impact of knee flexion on compressive forces?
Increased knee flexion results in increased compressive forces on the knee.
67
What joint experiences compressive forces when fully extended?
The tibio-femoral joint experiences maximum compressive forces when fully extended.
68
What is the effect of shear forces on the knee?
Shear forces can cause the femur to displace anteriorly on the tibial plateau.
69
What initiates the sequence of a hamstring pull?
The sequence starts with foot push-off.
70
What is the importance of the oblique portion of the VMO?
It creates a considerable medial pull on the patella.
71
What are the factors that contribute to lateral tracking of the patella?
A weakened vastus medialis causes unstable lateral tracking of the patella.
72
What joins the lower extremity to the axial skeleton?
The Pelvic Girdle.
73
What type of joint is the Sacro-iliac joint?
It is a non-axial and non-planar joint.
74
What does the pelvis articulate with?
The lumbar vertebrae and the femoral heads.
75
What do axial forces on the SI joint do?
They increase stability through muscles acting on the sacrum.
76
What are the two types of forces created on the femoral neck by the bending moment?
Torsion or Tensile Forces on top and Compressive Forces on bottom.
77
How many muscles span the hip joint, and what are the major groups?
Total of 17 muscles divided into four major groups.
78
List the major anterior muscles acting on the femur.
Iliacus, Rectus Femoris, Sartorius, and Psoas.
79
List the major medial muscles acting on the femur.
Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Pectineus, and Gracilis.
80
List the major posterior muscles acting on the femur.
Semi-tendinosus, Semi-membranosus, Long head of the biceps femoris, Gluteus maximus, and six lateral rotators.
81
What happens during hip flexion?
The pelvis remains stationary while the femur moves.
82
What happens during pelvic movements?
The pelvis moves while the femur remains stationary.
83
What is the primary plane of movement at the knee joint?
The Sagittal Plane.
84
What is the typical range of flexion at the knee joint?
Approximately 150°.
85
How is Valgus strain defined at the knee joint?
When the distal part is more lateral, it is called valgus.
86
How is Varus strain defined at the knee joint?
When the distal part is more medial, it is called varus.
87
Which muscles control knee extension?
The muscles crossing the knee joint anteriorly primarily control extension.
88
What is the effect of the quadriceps muscles on knee flexion?
The quadriceps act as anti-gravity muscles, preventing unwanted knee flexion.
89
What can cause knee flexion, according to the document?
The most common reason for knee flexion is tight hamstrings.
90
What is the role of the patella in relation to the quadriceps?
The patella increases the internal moment-arm of the quadriceps.
91
How are shear forces on the knee generated?
Shear forces are caused by the tendency of the femur to displace anteriorly on the tibial plateau.
92
What is the most common ankle injury?
A sprain of the lateral collateral ligaments.
93
What movements are involved in an inversion sprain?
Inversion and Plantar Flexion.
94
How is foot movement described?
Foot movement combines movements at the ankle, subtalar, metatarsophalangeal joints, and toes.
95
What creates a pronator moment according to the document?
The ground reaction force and body weight.
96
Why does the medi alignment of the talus affect the foot?
Because of its position on the calcaneus.
97
98
What does the pelvic girdle join?
The pelvic girdle joins the lower extremity to the axial skeleton.
99
What is the articulation of the pelvic girdle?
The articulation is the sacro-iliac joint.
100
Is the sacro-iliac joint axial and planar?
No, it is non-axial and non-planar.
101
With which structures does the pelvis articulate?
The pelvis articulates with the lumbar vertebrae and the femoral heads.
102
What type of forces act on the sacro-iliac joint?
Axial forces act on the SI joint.
103
What increases the stability of the sacrum?
Muscles acting on the sacrum increase stability.
104
What occurs at the lumbo-sacral junction?
Moments occur on the lumbo-sacral junction.
105
What is the composition of the muscles controlling the femur and pelvic girdle?
There is a total of 17 muscles spanning the hip joint.
106
What are the four major anterior muscles of the hip?
The anterior muscles are Iliacus, Rectus Femoris, Sartorius, and Psoas.
107
List the five major medial muscles of the hip.
The medial muscles are Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Pectineus, and Gracilis.
108
What are the five major posterior muscles of the hip?
The posterior muscles are Semi-tendinosus, Semi-membranosus, Long head of the biceps femoris, Gluteus maximus, and the six small lateral rotators.
109
What are three lateral muscles of the hip?
The lateral muscles are Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus, and Tensor fascia latae.
110
What movements do the muscles on the respective sides of the pelvis control?
They control the movements of the hip joint.
111
In hip flexion, which is stationary, the pelvis or the femur?
In hip flexion, the pelvis is stationary and the femur moves.
112
What occurs during hip flexion with respect to pelvis movement?
For movements of the pelvis, the pelvis moves while the femur is stationary.
113
What is the result of an anterior pelvic tilt?
The result is hip flexion and an anterior pelvic tilt.
114
What muscles are engaged in hip flexion?
The muscles include Iliacus, Rectus Femoris, Sartorius, Psoas, Pectinius, and TFL.
115
What actions occur in the frontal plane during physical activity?
Examples include jumping jacks and side movements.
116
Identify the primary movers in hip abduction.
The primary mover is Gluteus medius, assisted by Gluteus minimus and Tensor fascia latae.
117
What is the role of the abductors during walking?
Abductors stabilize the pelvis during the support phase of walking and running.
118
How do the abductors function during the swing phase?
They contract isometrically to prevent downward pull of the pelvis by the swinging leg.
119
What is the Trendellenburg gait?
It results from decreased or absent activity of the gluteus medius.
120
What compensatory action occurs during Trendellenburg gait?
The torso tilts to the affected side to keep the center of gravity within the base of support.
121
Name the muscles involved in hip adduction.
The adductors are Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Pectineus, and Gracilis.
122
What characterizes movements in the transverse plane at the hip?
Lateral and medial rotation of the femur.
123
What is the strength comparison between medial and lateral rotators?
Medial rotators are weak in comparison to lateral rotators, approximately by a factor of three.
124
What occurs in the screw-home mechanism of the knee?
Muscles crossing the knee joint laterally rotate with extension.
125
What classification does the knee joint have?
The knee is classified as synovial and bi-axial, and it is a double condyloid joint.
126
How many degrees of freedom does the knee have?
The knee has six degrees of freedom of movement.
127
What is the primary plane of movement at the knee joint?
The primary plane of movement is the sagittal plane.
128
What are the typical movements at the knee joint during flexion?
The total range of knee flexion is approximately 150°.
129
What happens during valgus stress at the knee?
When the distal part is more lateral, it is called valgus.
130
What happens during varus stress at the knee?
When the distal part is more medial, it is called varus.
131
What role do collaterals play during knee strain?
Collateral ligaments protect from varus and valgus strain.
132
Which muscles control knee extension?
Muscles crossing the knee joint anteriorly, such as the quadriceps.
133
What is a common reason for unwanted knee flexion?
Tight hamstrings are the most common reason.
134
What muscle's pull counteracts lateral pull on the patella?
The horizontal pull of the VMO counteracts the lateral pull.
135
What is the role of the patella in knee movement?
The patella increases the moment arm of the quadriceps.
136
What two motions do ankle sprains involve?
Inversion and plantar flexion.
137
What causes a pronator moment in the foot?
A pronator moment is created by ground reaction force and body weight.
138
What must occur for hamstrings to prevent injury during rapid movements?
Hamstrings must relax before actions requiring their lengthening.
139
What are the causes of a hamstring pull?
Causes include rapid movement, incomplete muscle relaxation, and the bi-articular nature of hamstring muscles.
140
What is the impact of knee flexion on compressive forces?
Increased knee flexion results in increased compressive forces on the knee.
141
What joint experiences compressive forces when fully extended?
The tibio-femoral joint experiences maximum compressive forces when fully extended.
142
What is the effect of shear forces on the knee?
Shear forces can cause the femur to displace anteriorly on the tibial plateau.
143
What initiates the sequence of a hamstring pull?
The sequence starts with foot push-off.
144
What is the importance of the oblique portion of the VMO?
It creates a considerable medial pull on the patella.
145
What are the factors that contribute to lateral tracking of the patella?
A weakened vastus medialis causes unstable lateral tracking of the patella.
146
What joins the lower extremity to the axial skeleton?
The Pelvic Girdle.
147
What type of joint is the Sacro-iliac joint?
It is a non-axial and non-planar joint.
148
What does the pelvis articulate with?
The lumbar vertebrae and the femoral heads.
149
What do axial forces on the SI joint do?
They increase stability through muscles acting on the sacrum.
150
What are the two types of forces created on the femoral neck by the bending moment?
Torsion or Tensile Forces on top and Compressive Forces on bottom.
151
How many muscles span the hip joint, and what are the major groups?
Total of 17 muscles divided into four major groups.
152
List the major anterior muscles acting on the femur.
Iliacus, Rectus Femoris, Sartorius, and Psoas.
153
List the major medial muscles acting on the femur.
Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Pectineus, and Gracilis.
154
List the major posterior muscles acting on the femur.
Semi-tendinosus, Semi-membranosus, Long head of the biceps femoris, Gluteus maximus, and six lateral rotators.
155
What happens during hip flexion?
The pelvis remains stationary while the femur moves.
156
What happens during pelvic movements?
The pelvis moves while the femur remains stationary.
157
What is the primary plane of movement at the knee joint?
The Sagittal Plane.
158
What is the typical range of flexion at the knee joint?
Approximately 150°.
159
How is Valgus strain defined at the knee joint?
When the distal part is more lateral, it is called valgus.
160
How is Varus strain defined at the knee joint?
When the distal part is more medial, it is called varus.
161
Which muscles control knee extension?
The muscles crossing the knee joint anteriorly primarily control extension.
162
What is the effect of the quadriceps muscles on knee flexion?
The quadriceps act as anti-gravity muscles, preventing unwanted knee flexion.
163
What can cause knee flexion, according to the document?
The most common reason for knee flexion is tight hamstrings.
164
What is the role of the patella in relation to the quadriceps?
The patella increases the internal moment-arm of the quadriceps.
165
How are shear forces on the knee generated?
Shear forces are caused by the tendency of the femur to displace anteriorly on the tibial plateau.
166
What is the most common ankle injury?
A sprain of the lateral collateral ligaments.
167
What movements are involved in an inversion sprain?
Inversion and Plantar Flexion.
168
How is foot movement described?
Foot movement combines movements at the ankle, subtalar, metatarsophalangeal joints, and toes.
169
What creates a pronator moment according to the document?
The ground reaction force and body weight.
170
Why does the medi alignment of the talus affect the foot?
Because of its position on the calcaneus.
