Chapter 6 Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
What are the two steps involved in histochemical analysis of tissue?
A
Tissue extraction and chemical treatment of the tissue.
2
Q
What is the first step in tissue extraction?
A
Select suitable tissue.
3
Q
Which muscles are usually selected for tissue extraction in exercise sciences?
A
Muscles that function as ‘prime movers’.
4
Q
What type of muscles are preferred for tissue extraction?
A
Superficial muscles of sufficient size.
5
Q
What is the purpose of using a topical anesthetic during tissue extraction?
A
To numb the area before making an incision.
6
Q
What is the purpose of the outer tube of a biopsy needle?
A
It has a notch to help coax tissue into the space.
7
Q
What does the middle portion of a biopsy needle consist of?
A
A circular blade.
8
Q
What happens to muscle enzyme activity over time after tissue extraction?
A
It fades once the muscle is removed from the body.
9
Q
At what pH do Type II fibers stain darker for Acto-Myosin ATP’ase?
A
pH 9.4 (basic).
10
Q
What are the two forms of muscular soreness?
A
Immediate Onset and Delayed Onset.
11
Q
What characterizes Immediate Onset soreness?
A
Localized discomfort felt immediately following exercise.
12
Q
When does Delayed Onset soreness typically peak?
A
Between 24 and 48 hours post-exercise.
13
Q
What is the definition of etiology?
A
The study of the causes or origins of diseases or abnormal physiological conditions.
14
Q
What is the primary reason the Lactic Acid Model for DOMS is considered inaccurate?
A
Lactic Acid has a half-life of 15 to 25 minutes and is cleared from muscle within an hour.
15
Q
What is the Mechanical Trauma Model in relation to DOMS?
A
It suggests that mechanical forces cause structural damage in muscle tissue.
16
Q
What is Desmin’s role in muscle structure?
A
Links Z bands to the plasma membrane and maintains cytoskeletal integrity.
17
Q
What are the primary structural proteins in the extrasarcomeric cytoskeleton?
A
Alpha-actinin, Titin, Nebulin, Talin, Integrin, and Veniculin.
18
Q
What type of muscle contractions are primarily responsible for DOMS?
A
Eccentric muscle contractions.
19
Q
What phenomenon describes the significant disruption in Z-line orientation during DOMS?
A
Z-line streaming.
20
Q
What is the effect of damage to the sarcolemma in relation to DOMS?
A
It results in tissue permeability issues and disruption of calcium homeostasis.
21
Q
What triggers the inflammatory reaction to DOMS?
A
Cytokines such as interleukin-1.
22
Q
What are the symptoms associated with the inflammatory reaction to DOMS?
A
Increased blood flow, muscle temperature, and macrophage activity.
23
Q
What chemical substance increases sensitivity of pain receptors during DOMS?
A
Prostaglandins (PGE2).
24
Q
Which fiber types are more likely to be disrupted by high-intensity eccentric activity?
A
Type II fibers.
25
What is recommended for the treatment and relief of DOMS?
Static stretching and NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, aspirin).
26
What is the formation of protective proteins during the healing period intended to do?
Prevent further incidence of DOMS during subsequent exercise sessions.
27
What is the primary cause of muscle soreness identified in the document?
Fewer cross-bridges supporting the same tension during eccentric contractions.
28
What are the two steps involved in the analysis of tissue?
1. Tissue extraction. 2. Chemical treatment of the tissue.
29
What technique is used for extracting muscle tissue samples?
Needle biopsy technique.
30
What is the main criterion for selecting suitable tissue in the exercise sciences?
Identifying the appropriate muscle(s) from which to remove tissue samples.
31
What factors help in selecting muscles for tissue extraction?
Selected muscles should function as 'prime movers', be 'superficial', and of sufficient size.
32
What is the first step in the biopsy preparation process?
Clean the area and inject a topical anesthetic – Xylocaine.
33
What must be ensured about the incision made during the biopsy?
The incision must be deep enough to penetrate the subcutaneous tissue and the fascia.
34
What are the components of a biopsy needle?
1. The outer tube with a notch. 2. The circular blade in the middle portion. 3. The inner portion to push out any lodged tissue.
35
What is the approximate outer diameter of a biopsy needle?
About the same as that of a pencil, 3 mm.
36
What happens to the muscle tissue after it has been extracted?
It must be treated for analysis.
37
What enzyme is associated with different fiber types in muscle?
Acto-Myosin ATP’ase.
38
How do Type II fibers react when treated at pH 9.4?
They stain darker for the enzyme.
39
What happens to enzyme activity once the muscle is removed from the body?
The activity fades over time.
40
What is a key feature of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?
A gradual increase in intensity following activity, peaking between 24 and 48 hours post-exercise.
41
What is the definition of etiology?
The study of the causes or origins of diseases or abnormal physiological conditions.
42
What models have been proposed for the etiology of DOMS?
1. Lactic Acid Model. 2. Mechanical Trauma Model.
43
What is the primary reason the Lactic Acid Model is considered inaccurate?
Lactic Acid (Hla) has a half-life of 15 to 25 minutes and is fully cleared from the muscle within an hour.
44
What is a condition that lacks the key enzyme necessary for producing lactic acid, yet individuals can still experience DOMS?
McArdle’s syndrome.
45
What does the Mechanical Trauma Model propose?
Mechanical forces in contractile and elastic tissue result in structural damage.
46
What is the normal structure of muscle characterized by?
Multinucleated cylindrical fibers surrounded by the sarcolemma.
47
What helps maintain cytoskeletal integrity in muscle fibers?
Desmin links Z bands to the plasma membrane.
48
What happens when structural proteins like Alpha-actinin are destroyed?
Significant myofibrillar disruption takes place.
49
What type of muscle contractions is primarily associated with DOMS?
Eccentric muscle contractions.
50
How do eccentric muscle contractions relate to motor unit utilization?
Fewer motor units are used to produce the same tension.
51
What happens to Z lines during activities that result in DOMS?
There is significant disruption in Z-line orientation and appearance of 'z-line streaming'.
52
What is the inflammatory reaction's role in DOMS?
It is necessary to eliminate damaged tissue and prepare for repair.
53
What triggers the inflammatory response in DOMS?
Cytokines such as interleukin-1.
54
What are some main effects of the inflammatory reaction?
Increased blood flow, muscle temperature, and macrophage activity.
55
What causes increased pain in DOMS?
Edema and chemical substances, particularly Prostaglandins (PGE 2).
56
How long can the pain from DOMS last?
Pain can last as long as 4 or 5 days, with full effects manifested between 1 and 3 days.
57
Which type of muscle fiber is more likely to be disrupted by high intensity eccentric activity?
Type II fibers.
58
What is necessary for the healing period after DOMS?
Formation of protective proteins and increase in remodeling enzymes.
59
What treatment has been proposed for relief from DOMS?
Static stretching and NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, aspirin).
60
What should students keep track of to monitor their academic progress in the course?
Present score, points needed for anticipated grade, and bonus points.
61
What are the two steps involved in the histochemical analysis of tissue?
1. Tissue extraction. 2. Chemical treatment of the tissue.
62
What does selecting suitable tissue in the exercise sciences imply?
Identifying the appropriate muscle(s) from which to remove tissue samples.
63
Which muscles are usually selected for tissue biopsy in exercise sciences?
Muscles that function as 'prime movers', preferably 'superficial' and of sufficient size.
64
What is the first step in the biopsy preparation?
The area is cleaned and injected with a topical anesthetic - Xylocaine.
65
What is the purpose of the incision during a biopsy?
To penetrate the subcutaneous tissue and the fascia.
66
What are the three parts of a biopsy needle?
1. Outer tube with a notch. 2. Middle portion with a circular blade. 3. Inner portion to push out any lodged tissue.
67
What is the approximate outer diameter of a biopsy needle?
About 3 mm, similar to that of a pencil.
68
What happens once the muscle tissue has been extracted?
It has to be treated for histochemical analysis.
69
How do muscles of different fiber-types vary in histochemical analysis?
They show varying levels of the primary enzyme, Acto-Myosin ATP’ase.
70
What staining result is observed for Type II fibers at pH 9.4?
They stain darker for Acto-Myosin ATP’ase.
71
What happens to enzyme activity after the muscle is removed from the body?
The activity fades over time.
72
What is the video demonstration for in the context of muscle biopsy?
To show the Needle Biopsy technique.
73
What are the two forms of muscular soreness discussed?
Immediate Onset and Delayed Onset (DOMS).
74
What characterizes Immediate Onset muscular soreness?
Localized discomfort felt immediately following exercise, persisting for several hours.
75
What is the primary cause attributed to Immediate Onset soreness?
Metabolic changes such as increases in H+ associated with lactate in the blood.
76
What defines Delayed Onset Muscular Soreness (DOMS)?
A gradual increase in intensity following activity, peaking between 24 and 48 hours post-exercise.
77
What is the typical duration for DOMS symptoms to decline?
Over the next 5 to 7 days.
78
What is the definition of etiology in the context of DOMS?
The study of the causes or origins of diseases or abnormal physiological conditions.
79
What are the two models proposed for the causes of DOMS?
1. Lactic Acid Model 2. Mechanical Trauma Model.
80
Why has the Lactic Acid Model for DOMS been shown to be inaccurate?
Because lactic acid has a short half-life and is fully cleared from the muscle within an hour.
81
What condition further confirms the inadequacy of the Lactic Acid Model?
McArdle's syndrome, where patients lack a key enzyme for producing lactic acid but still experience DOMS.
82
What causes structural damage in the Mechanical Trauma Model?
Mechanical forces in the contractile and elastic tissue.
83
What characterizes normal muscle structure?
Multinucleated cylindrical fibers surrounded by the sarcolemma.
84
What is the importance of Desmin in muscles?
Desmin links Z bands to the plasma membrane, maintaining cytoskeletal integrity.
85
What primary structural proteins stabilize the myosin lattice?
Alpha-actinin and others such as Titin, Nebulin, Talin, Integrin, and Veniculin.
86
What is the primary cause of DOMS?
Eccentric muscle contractions.
87
How can DOMS be monitored through experimental design?
By observing how eccentric contractions are generated, using fewer motor units to produce the same tension.
88
What structures are notably affected during DOMS?
Z lines and sarcolemma.
89
What implications does damage to the sarcolemma have?
Results in disruption of tissue permeability, blood flow, and calcium homeostasis, leading to cell necrosis.
90
What role does inflammation play in DOMS?
Necessary for eliminating damaged tissue and preparing for repair.
91
What triggers the inflammatory reaction in response to DOMS?
Cytokines such as interleukin-1.
92
What are common symptoms associated with increased pain in DOMS?
Caused by edema and inflammatory substances, particularly Prostaglandins (PGE 2).
93
How long can pain from DOMS last?
It can last as long as 4 to 5 days, peaking between 1 to 3 days.
94
Which fiber types are more likely to be disrupted by DOMS?
Type II fibers may be selectively affected by high intensity eccentric activity.
95
What occurs during the healing period after exercise-induced muscle soreness?
Formation of protective proteins and increased remodeling of collagen, growth factors, and enzyme inhibitors.
96
What treatments have been proposed for relief from DOMS?
Static stretching and the use of NSAIDs (e.g., Ibuprofen, aspirin).
97
What should students do to monitor their progress in the course?
Note their present score and add it to the points needed for their anticipated grade.
98
What are bonus points in the context of this class?
Extra credit that can improve the overall score for passing the class.
99
What's the significance of understanding DOMS in sports-related muscle research?
It influences treatment and preventative techniques for athletes experiencing muscle soreness.
100
What are some consequences of eccentrically induced muscle damage?
Damage to muscle fibers, leading to soreness and impaired performance.
101
Why is it notable that Type I fibers are unaffected during DOMS?
Indicates a selectivity in muscle damage, where Type II fibers are more vulnerable during eccentric activities.
102
What is the importance of monitoring scores during the semester?
To ensure students remain aware of their performance and standing in passing the course.
103
What can be concluded about DOMS based on the presented evidence?
Its complexity involves various factors including muscle type, contraction modes, and inflammatory responses.
104
What factors contribute to the structural integrity of muscle fibers?
The interactions of structural proteins and cytoskeletal components.
105
What potential effect does increased macrophage activity have during recovery from DOMS?
It helps in clearing cellular debris and initiating repair processes.
106
How do eccentric contractions affect cross-bridge formation in muscles?
They result in fewer cross-bridges being formed to support the same tension, leading to soreness.
107
What is the result of significant myofibrillar disruption?
It contributes to the symptoms associated with delayed onset muscle soreness.
108
What types of muscle contractions lead to increased occurrence of DOMS?
Eccentric muscle contractions.
109
What is a common misconception about muscle soreness post-exercise?
That it is solely caused by lactic acid accumulation.
110
What variation in muscle fiber types might affect the degree of soreness experienced?
Type II fibers may be more susceptible to soreness from high-intensity eccentric activities.
111
Why is it essential to understand the processes involved in DOMS for athletes?
To effectively manage training regimens and promote quicker recovery.
112
113
What are the two steps involved in the analysis of tissue?
1. Tissue extraction. 2. Chemical treatment of the tissue.
114
What technique is used for extracting muscle tissue samples?
Needle biopsy technique.
115
What is the main criterion for selecting suitable tissue in the exercise sciences?
Identifying the appropriate muscle(s) from which to remove tissue samples.
116
What factors help in selecting muscles for tissue extraction?
Selected muscles should function as 'prime movers', be 'superficial', and of sufficient size.
117
What is the first step in the biopsy preparation process?
Clean the area and inject a topical anesthetic – Xylocaine.
118
What must be ensured about the incision made during the biopsy?
The incision must be deep enough to penetrate the subcutaneous tissue and the fascia.
119
What are the components of a biopsy needle?
1. The outer tube with a notch. 2. The circular blade in the middle portion. 3. The inner portion to push out any lodged tissue.
120
What is the approximate outer diameter of a biopsy needle?
About the same as that of a pencil, 3 mm.
121
What happens to the muscle tissue after it has been extracted?
It must be treated for analysis.
122
What enzyme is associated with different fiber types in muscle?
Acto-Myosin ATP’ase.
123
How do Type II fibers react when treated at pH 9.4?
They stain darker for the enzyme.
124
What happens to enzyme activity once the muscle is removed from the body?
The activity fades over time.
125
What is a key feature of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?
A gradual increase in intensity following activity, peaking between 24 and 48 hours post-exercise.
126
What is the definition of etiology?
The study of the causes or origins of diseases or abnormal physiological conditions.
127
What models have been proposed for the etiology of DOMS?
1. Lactic Acid Model. 2. Mechanical Trauma Model.
128
What is the primary reason the Lactic Acid Model is considered inaccurate?
Lactic Acid (Hla) has a half-life of 15 to 25 minutes and is fully cleared from the muscle within an hour.
129
What is a condition that lacks the key enzyme necessary for producing lactic acid, yet individuals can still experience DOMS?
McArdle’s syndrome.
130
What does the Mechanical Trauma Model propose?
Mechanical forces in contractile and elastic tissue result in structural damage.
131
What is the normal structure of muscle characterized by?
Multinucleated cylindrical fibers surrounded by the sarcolemma.
132
What helps maintain cytoskeletal integrity in muscle fibers?
Desmin links Z bands to the plasma membrane.
133
What happens when structural proteins like Alpha-actinin are destroyed?
Significant myofibrillar disruption takes place.
134
What type of muscle contractions is primarily associated with DOMS?
Eccentric muscle contractions.
135
How do eccentric muscle contractions relate to motor unit utilization?
Fewer motor units are used to produce the same tension.
136
What happens to Z lines during activities that result in DOMS?
There is significant disruption in Z-line orientation and appearance of 'z-line streaming'.
137
What is the inflammatory reaction's role in DOMS?
It is necessary to eliminate damaged tissue and prepare for repair.
138
What triggers the inflammatory response in DOMS?
Cytokines such as interleukin-1.
139
What are some main effects of the inflammatory reaction?
Increased blood flow, muscle temperature, and macrophage activity.
140
What causes increased pain in DOMS?
Edema and chemical substances, particularly Prostaglandins (PGE 2).
141
How long can the pain from DOMS last?
Pain can last as long as 4 or 5 days, with full effects manifested between 1 and 3 days.
142
Which type of muscle fiber is more likely to be disrupted by high intensity eccentric activity?
Type II fibers.
143
What is necessary for the healing period after DOMS?
Formation of protective proteins and increase in remodeling enzymes.
144
What treatment has been proposed for relief from DOMS?
Static stretching and NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, aspirin).
145
What should students keep track of to monitor their academic progress in the course?
Present score, points needed for anticipated grade, and bonus points.
146
What are the two steps involved in the histochemical analysis of tissue?
1. Tissue extraction. 2. Chemical treatment of the tissue.
147
What does selecting suitable tissue in the exercise sciences imply?
Identifying the appropriate muscle(s) from which to remove tissue samples.
148
Which muscles are usually selected for tissue biopsy in exercise sciences?
Muscles that function as 'prime movers', preferably 'superficial' and of sufficient size.
149
What is the first step in the biopsy preparation?
The area is cleaned and injected with a topical anesthetic - Xylocaine.
150
What is the purpose of the incision during a biopsy?
To penetrate the subcutaneous tissue and the fascia.
151
What are the three parts of a biopsy needle?
1. Outer tube with a notch. 2. Middle portion with a circular blade. 3. Inner portion to push out any lodged tissue.
152
What is the approximate outer diameter of a biopsy needle?
About 3 mm, similar to that of a pencil.
153
What happens once the muscle tissue has been extracted?
It has to be treated for histochemical analysis.
154
How do muscles of different fiber-types vary in histochemical analysis?
They show varying levels of the primary enzyme, Acto-Myosin ATP’ase.
155
What staining result is observed for Type II fibers at pH 9.4?
They stain darker for Acto-Myosin ATP’ase.
156
What happens to enzyme activity after the muscle is removed from the body?
The activity fades over time.
157
What is the video demonstration for in the context of muscle biopsy?
To show the Needle Biopsy technique.
158
What are the two forms of muscular soreness discussed?
Immediate Onset and Delayed Onset (DOMS).
159
What characterizes Immediate Onset muscular soreness?
Localized discomfort felt immediately following exercise, persisting for several hours.
160
What is the primary cause attributed to Immediate Onset soreness?
Metabolic changes such as increases in H+ associated with lactate in the blood.
161
What defines Delayed Onset Muscular Soreness (DOMS)?
A gradual increase in intensity following activity, peaking between 24 and 48 hours post-exercise.
162
What is the typical duration for DOMS symptoms to decline?
Over the next 5 to 7 days.
163
What is the definition of etiology in the context of DOMS?
The study of the causes or origins of diseases or abnormal physiological conditions.
164
What are the two models proposed for the causes of DOMS?
1. Lactic Acid Model 2. Mechanical Trauma Model.
165
Why has the Lactic Acid Model for DOMS been shown to be inaccurate?
Because lactic acid has a short half-life and is fully cleared from the muscle within an hour.
166
What condition further confirms the inadequacy of the Lactic Acid Model?
McArdle's syndrome, where patients lack a key enzyme for producing lactic acid but still experience DOMS.
167
What causes structural damage in the Mechanical Trauma Model?
Mechanical forces in the contractile and elastic tissue.
168
What characterizes normal muscle structure?
Multinucleated cylindrical fibers surrounded by the sarcolemma.
169
What is the importance of Desmin in muscles?
Desmin links Z bands to the plasma membrane, maintaining cytoskeletal integrity.
170
What primary structural proteins stabilize the myosin lattice?
Alpha-actinin and others such as Titin, Nebulin, Talin, Integrin, and Veniculin.
171
What is the primary cause of DOMS?
Eccentric muscle contractions.
172
How can DOMS be monitored through experimental design?
By observing how eccentric contractions are generated, using fewer motor units to produce the same tension.
173
What structures are notably affected during DOMS?
Z lines and sarcolemma.
174
What implications does damage to the sarcolemma have?
Results in disruption of tissue permeability, blood flow, and calcium homeostasis, leading to cell necrosis.
175
What role does inflammation play in DOMS?
Necessary for eliminating damaged tissue and preparing for repair.
176
What triggers the inflammatory reaction in response to DOMS?
Cytokines such as interleukin-1.
177
What are common symptoms associated with increased pain in DOMS?
Caused by edema and inflammatory substances, particularly Prostaglandins (PGE 2).
178
How long can pain from DOMS last?
It can last as long as 4 to 5 days, peaking between 1 to 3 days.
179
Which fiber types are more likely to be disrupted by DOMS?
Type II fibers may be selectively affected by high intensity eccentric activity.
180
What occurs during the healing period after exercise-induced muscle soreness?
Formation of protective proteins and increased remodeling of collagen, growth factors, and enzyme inhibitors.
181
What treatments have been proposed for relief from DOMS?
Static stretching and the use of NSAIDs (e.g., Ibuprofen, aspirin).
182
What should students do to monitor their progress in the course?
Note their present score and add it to the points needed for their anticipated grade.
183
What are bonus points in the context of this class?
Extra credit that can improve the overall score for passing the class.
184
What's the significance of understanding DOMS in sports-related muscle research?
It influences treatment and preventative techniques for athletes experiencing muscle soreness.
185
What are some consequences of eccentrically induced muscle damage?
Damage to muscle fibers, leading to soreness and impaired performance.
186
Why is it notable that Type I fibers are unaffected during DOMS?
Indicates a selectivity in muscle damage, where Type II fibers are more vulnerable during eccentric activities.
187
What is the importance of monitoring scores during the semester?
To ensure students remain aware of their performance and standing in passing the course.
188
What can be concluded about DOMS based on the presented evidence?
Its complexity involves various factors including muscle type, contraction modes, and inflammatory responses.
189
What factors contribute to the structural integrity of muscle fibers?
The interactions of structural proteins and cytoskeletal components.
190
What potential effect does increased macrophage activity have during recovery from DOMS?
It helps in clearing cellular debris and initiating repair processes.
191
How do eccentric contractions affect cross-bridge formation in muscles?
They result in fewer cross-bridges being formed to support the same tension, leading to soreness.
192
What is the result of significant myofibrillar disruption?
It contributes to the symptoms associated with delayed onset muscle soreness.
193
What types of muscle contractions lead to increased occurrence of DOMS?
Eccentric muscle contractions.
194
What is a common misconception about muscle soreness post-exercise?
That it is solely caused by lactic acid accumulation.
195
What variation in muscle fiber types might affect the degree of soreness experienced?
Type II fibers may be more susceptible to soreness from high-intensity eccentric activities.
196
Why is it essential to understand the processes involved in DOMS for athletes?
To effectively manage training regimens and promote quicker recovery.
