Chapter 12 Flashcards
(236 cards)
1
Q
What is defined as the single most devastating disability that can happen to an individual?
A
The loss of mobility
This highlights the importance of gait in maintaining independence and quality of life.
2
Q
What is gait?
A
A repetitious sequence of limb motion while maintaining stance and balance.
3
Q
What does each limb serve as during gait?
A
A mobile source of support while the other limb advances.
4
Q
What initiates the Gait Cycle (GC)?
A
The initial contact (IC) of the foot with the ground.
5
Q
What are the two periods or phases of the Gait Cycle?
A
Stance and Swing.
6
Q
What does ‘stance’ refer to in the context of gait?
A
The entire period during which the foot is in contact with the ground.
7
Q
What is the period referred to as ‘swing’ in the gait cycle?
A
The time the foot is in the air, designated as ‘limb advancement’.
8
Q
What are the three subdivisions of the stance phase?
A
Initial double stance, Single limb support, Terminal double stance.
9
Q
What is ‘initial double stance’?
A
The phase when both feet are on the floor at the beginning of the Gait Cycle.
10
Q
What begins the ‘single limb support’ phase?
A
When the opposite foot is lifted for swing.
11
Q
What is the timing of the gait cycle related to?
A
The periods of contact with the floor.
12
Q
At normal gait velocities, what percentage of time is spent in stance and swing?
A
Stance 62%, swing 38%.
13
Q
What is the relationship between total stance and swing times and gait velocity?
A
They are inversely related; as velocity increases, stance time decreases.
14
Q
What is the definition of ‘stride’ in the context of gait?
A
The interval between two sequential initial floor contacts by the same limb.
15
Q
What is a ‘step’ in gait mechanics?
A
The time between two limbs, with two steps in each Gait Cycle.
16
Q
What are the three basic tasks of human gait?
A
Weight Acceptance (WA), Single Limb Support (SLS), Limb Advancement (LA).
17
Q
What is the most demanding task in the Gait Cycle?
A
Weight Acceptance (WA).
18
Q
What are the two objectives of Weight Acceptance?
A
- Positioning limb to start stance with heel rocker
- Shock absorption & weight-bearing stability.
19
Q
What are the primary planes in which the single limb supports the body weight during Single Limb Support?
A
Sagittal Plane and Transverse Plane.
20
Q
What anatomical structures make up the passenger unit?
A
- Head
- Neck
- Trunk.
21
Q
What does the passenger unit represent in terms of body weight?
A
70% of body weight.
22
Q
Where is the center of gravity (C.G.) of the body located?
A
Just anterior to T10.
23
Q
What is the primary function of the muscles of the passenger unit?
A
To maintain neutral vertebral alignment.
24
Q
True or False: Arm swing is essential to normal gait patterns.
A
False.
25
What does the locomotor unit consist of?
Limbs (2) and Pelvis.
26
How many muscles control the motion of the locomotor unit?
57 muscles.
27
What role does the pelvis play in gait mechanics?
Mobile link between the two lower limbs and bottom segment of the passenger unit.
28
What are the three challenges to standing stability?
* Top-heavy relationship between passenger unit and locomotor system
* Multi-segmented nature of the supporting limbs
* Contours of the joints of the lower limbs.
29
What is the Inverted Pendulum Model?
A biomechanical model for gait that describes the motion of walking.
30
What is the Spring Loaded Inverted Pendulum (SLIP) model?
A biomechanical model that includes elastic properties in the gait.
31
What are the main factors affecting propulsion during the contact phase?
* Maximum Strength
* Rate of Force Development
* Elastic Energy Re-use.
32
What is the argument for barefoot running?
It is more natural.
33
What anatomical adaptation occurs from running barefoot?
Calluses on the plantar surface of the foot.
34
What are the characteristics of a Rear Foot Strike (RFS)?
Heel lands before ball of the foot, marked impact peak in vertical ground reaction force.
35
What is a Fore Foot Strike (FFS)?
Landing on the ball of the foot.
36
What happens during a Mid-Foot Strike (MFS)?
Simultaneous landing.
37
What is the relationship between stride length and stride rate in non-elite runners with shoes?
They adopt lower stride rates.
38
What effect does barefoot running have on stride characteristics?
Shorter stride-length and higher stride-rate.
39
What is the function of the arch of the foot during running?
It acts as a spring, stretching during mid-stance and recoiling during the second half of stance phase.
40
Is there enough evidence to show that running barefoot negatively influences performance?
No.
41
What is the single most devastating disability that can happen to an individual?
The loss of mobility.
42
What is gait according to the lecture?
Walking uses a repetitious sequence of limb motion while simultaneously maintaining stance and balance.
43
What is the role of each limb during gait?
Each limb serves as a mobile source of support while the other limb advances to the new support site.
44
What is the primary reference for the lecture?
Gait Analysis – Normal & pathological function by Jacquelin Perry MD.
45
What defines the gait cycle (GC)?
A single sequence of movements of one limb initiated by the initial contact (IC) of the foot with the ground.
46
What are the two periods or phases of the gait cycle?
Stance and Swing.
47
What happens during the stance phase?
The entire period during which the foot is in contact with the ground.
48
When does swing begin?
When the foot is lifted off the floor.
49
What are the three subdivisions of stance?
1. Initial double stance 2. Single limb support 3. Terminal double stance.
50
What occurs during initial double stance?
Both feet are on the floor, marking the beginning of the gait cycle.
51
When does single limb support begin?
When the opposite foot is lifted for swing.
52
What is the significance of the term 'support' in single limb support?
It emphasizes the functional significance of the phase.
53
What is the timing's relation to walking velocities?
Precise durations will vary depending on walking velocities.
54
What percentage of time is spent in stance and swing at normal gait velocities?
Stance 62%, swing 38%.
55
What does an increase in gait velocity indicate for stance and swing times?
Total stance and swing times are inversely related; as velocity increases, stance time decreases.
56
What is a stride in the context of the gait cycle?
The duration of a stride is the interval between two sequential initial floor contacts (IC) by the same limb.
57
How many steps are there in each gait cycle?
There are 2 steps in each gait cycle or stride.
58
What are the basic functions of human gait?
Walking forwards on level ground and changing direction increases demands.
59
What are the three basic tasks involved in gait?
1. Weight Acceptance (WA) 2. Single Limb Support (SLS) 3. Limb Advancement (LA).
60
What is the most demanding task in the gait cycle?
Weight Acceptance (WA).
61
What are the two objectives of Weight Acceptance?
1. Positioning limb to start stance with heel rocker. 2. Shock absorption & weight-bearing stability.
62
When does Single Limb Support start?
It starts when the other foot is lifted off the ground.
63
What planes are involved in Single Limb Support?
Sagittal Plane and Transverse Plane.
64
What is the Passenger Unit responsible for?
Postural integrity.
65
What anatomical structures constitute the Passenger Unit?
Head, Neck, and Trunk.
66
How much body weight does the Passenger Unit represent?
70% of body weight.
67
Where is the center of gravity (C. of G.) of the body located?
Just anterior to T10.
68
What is the role of muscles in the Passenger Unit?
To maintain neutral vertebral alignment with minimum postural changes during gait.
69
Does arm swing impact normal gait patterns?
Arm swing does not appear essential; restraint of the arms shows no measurable change in walking energy costs.
70
What is the Locomotor Unit comprised of?
Limbs and Pelvis.
71
What role does the Pelvis play in locomotion?
It acts as a mobile link between the two lower limbs and the bottom segment of the passenger unit.
72
What is a challenge to standing stability during gait?
The top-heavy relationship between the passenger unit and the locomotor system.
73
What is a major determinant of muscle action within the locomotor system?
Alignment of the passenger unit.
74
What biomechanical models are used for gait analysis?
Inverted Pendulum Model and Bipedal 'Spring-Mass' Model.
75
What is the Inverted Pendulum Model?
A model that does not work if the initial contact is not managed properly.
76
What is the prime factor affecting propulsion during the contact phase?
Maximum Strength, Rate of Force Development, Elastic Energy Re-use.
77
What common directive is observed in barefoot running?
Barefoot running on soft surfaces (beach or lawn) is reasonably safe but hazardous on hard surfaces.
78
What anatomical adaptations occur with barefoot running?
Running barefoot produces calluses on the plantar surface of the foot.
79
What are modern running shoes designed for?
Cushioned heel, arch support, and stiffened sole.
80
What are the three types of foot strikes in running?
Rear Foot Strike (RFS), Fore Foot Strike (FFS), and Mid-Foot Strike (MFS).
81
What distinguishes Rear Foot Strike from other strikes?
Heel lands before the ball of the foot, causing a marked impact peak.
82
What is a characteristic of Fore Foot Strike?
Landing on the ball of the foot.
83
How does barefoot running influence strike patterns?
More likely to land on the front part of the foot.
84
What variations occur in impact peaks during different foot strikes?
FFS undergoes controlled dorsiflexion during foot landing.
85
What effect do running shoes have compared to barefoot running?
Shoes slow the rate of loading significantly compared to barefoot running.
86
How do stride rates vary among runners?
Non-elite runners with shoes adopt lower stride rates, while non-elite barefoot runners use higher stride rates.
87
What role does the arch of the foot play during running?
It functions as a spring, stretching during mid-stance and recoiling during the second half of stance phase.
88
What does the majority of runners at all levels prefer?
The vast majority prefer to wear shoes.
89
What is lacking in evidence for barefoot running?
There is not enough evidence to show that running barefoot negatively influences performance.
90
What is considered the single most devastating disability that can occur to an individual?
Loss of mobility.
91
What is gait in terms of walking?
A repetitious sequence of limb motion while maintaining stance and balance.
92
How does each limb function during gait?
Each limb serves as a mobile source of support while the other limb advances to a new support site.
93
Who is the primary reference for gait analysis mentioned in the lecture?
Jacquelin Perry MD.
94
What does the Gait Cycle (GC) represent?
A single sequence of movements of one limb.
95
What are the two periods or 'gait phases' in the Gait Cycle?
Stance and Swing.
96
What is the stance phase in the context of gait?
The entire period during which the foot is in contact with the ground.
97
When does the stance phase begin?
With initial contact (IC) of the foot with the ground.
98
What is the swing phase in gait?
The time the foot is in the air, designated as the period of 'limb advancement'.
99
How can stance be subdivided in the Gait Cycle?
Into three intervals: Initial double stance, Single limb support, Terminal double stance.
100
What occurs during the initial double stance phase?
Both feet are on the floor, marking the beginning of the gait cycle.
101
What marks the transition to single limb support?
When the opposite foot is lifted for swing.
102
What is meant by single limb support?
The phase when one limb has total responsibility for supporting body weight.
103
Which two primary planes must support the load during single limb support?
Sagittal Plane and Transverse Plane.
104
What does the terminal double stance phase signify?
It begins with initial floor contact by the contralateral foot and continues until ipsilateral toe-off.
105
How is timing affected during the gait cycle?
Timing deals with the periods of contact with the floor, which varies depending on walking velocities.
106
What percentage of time is typically spent in stance versus swing at normal gait velocities?
Stance 62%, swing 38%.
107
How are stride and step defined in gait?
A stride is the gait cycle, and a step is the time between two limbs, with two steps in each stride.
108
What basic functions does human gait involve?
Walking forwards on level ground and changing direction.
109
What are the three basic tasks involved in gait?
1. Weight Acceptance (WA) 2. Single Limb Support (SLS) 3. Limb Advancement (LA).
110
What is the most demanding task in the gait cycle?
Weight Acceptance (WA).
111
What are the two objectives of weight acceptance?
Positioning limb to start stance with heel rocker and shock absorption & weight-bearing stability.
112
What begins single limb support?
Starts when the other foot is lifted off the ground.
113
During single limb support, what is the responsibility of that limb?
Supporting the load (body weight) in two primary planes.
114
What is the function of the passenger unit during gait?
Responsible for postural integrity.
115
What anatomical structures constitute the passenger unit?
Head, Neck, Trunk.
116
What does the passenger unit represent in terms of body weight?
70% of body weight.
117
Where is the center of gravity (C.G.) of the body located?
Just anterior to T10.
118
What functions do the muscles of the passenger unit serve?
To maintain neutral vertebral alignment and minimize postural changes during gait.
119
Is arm swing essential to normal gait patterns?
No, it does not appear essential.
120
What does the locomotor unit consist of?
Limbs (2) and Pelvis.
121
What role does the pelvis play in gait?
Mobile link between the two lower limbs.
122
What is a major challenge to standing stability during gait?
The top-heavy relationship between the passenger unit and the locomotor system.
123
How does the multi-segmented nature of the supporting limbs affect stability?
It requires more precise adjustments for stability.
124
How does the Inverted Pendulum Model relate to gait?
It is one of the biomechanical models used to describe gait.
125
What is the Bipedal ‘Spring-Mass’ Model?
A biomechanical model that describes running using springs.
126
What is one major factor affecting propulsion during the contact phase?
Maximum Strength.
127
What is a common directive for barefoot running?
Barefoot running on soft surfaces is reasonably safe.
128
What anatomical adaptation occurs when running barefoot?
Produces calluses on the plantar surface of the foot.
129
What is a primary difference between barefoot and shoe running?
Barefoot running can lead to more natural foot movements.
130
What is a rear foot strike (RFS)?
When the heel lands before the ball of the foot.
131
What is the impact on forces during a rear foot strike?
Marked impact peak in the vertical ground reaction force.
132
What is a fore foot strike (FFS)?
Landing on the ball of the foot.
133
What benefits can fore foot strikes provide?
More compliance and dampening of forces.
134
What effect do shoes have on peak forces during running?
They slow the rate of loading compared to barefoot running.
135
How do stride rates differ between non-elite shoe runners and non-elite barefoot runners?
Non-elite shoe runners adopt lower stride rates, while non-elite barefoot runners have higher stride rates.
136
What function does the arch of the foot serve during running?
Acts as a spring, stretching during mid-stance and recoiling during the second half of the stance phase.
137
What percentage of runners choose to wear shoes?
The vast majority of runners at all levels.
138
Is there sufficient evidence to suggest that running barefoot negatively influences performance?
No, there is not enough evidence.
139
What is the most striking aspect of the lecture on gait mechanics?
The complex interplay between anatomical structures and movement patterns.
140
What is the single most devastating disability that can happen to an individual?
The loss of mobility.
141
What is gait according to the lecture?
Walking uses a repetitious sequence of limb motion while simultaneously maintaining stance and balance.
142
What is the role of each limb during gait?
Each limb serves as a mobile source of support while the other limb advances to the new support site.
143
What is the primary reference for the lecture?
Gait Analysis – Normal & pathological function by Jacquelin Perry MD.
144
What defines the gait cycle (GC)?
A single sequence of movements of one limb initiated by the initial contact (IC) of the foot with the ground.
145
What are the two periods or phases of the gait cycle?
Stance and Swing.
146
What happens during the stance phase?
The entire period during which the foot is in contact with the ground.
147
When does swing begin?
When the foot is lifted off the floor.
148
What are the three subdivisions of stance?
1. Initial double stance 2. Single limb support 3. Terminal double stance.
149
What occurs during initial double stance?
Both feet are on the floor, marking the beginning of the gait cycle.
150
When does single limb support begin?
When the opposite foot is lifted for swing.
151
What is the significance of the term 'support' in single limb support?
It emphasizes the functional significance of the phase.
152
What is the timing's relation to walking velocities?
Precise durations will vary depending on walking velocities.
153
What percentage of time is spent in stance and swing at normal gait velocities?
Stance 62%, swing 38%.
154
What does an increase in gait velocity indicate for stance and swing times?
Total stance and swing times are inversely related; as velocity increases, stance time decreases.
155
What is a stride in the context of the gait cycle?
The duration of a stride is the interval between two sequential initial floor contacts (IC) by the same limb.
156
How many steps are there in each gait cycle?
There are 2 steps in each gait cycle or stride.
157
What are the basic functions of human gait?
Walking forwards on level ground and changing direction increases demands.
158
What are the three basic tasks involved in gait?
1. Weight Acceptance (WA) 2. Single Limb Support (SLS) 3. Limb Advancement (LA).
159
What is the most demanding task in the gait cycle?
Weight Acceptance (WA).
160
What are the two objectives of Weight Acceptance?
1. Positioning limb to start stance with heel rocker. 2. Shock absorption & weight-bearing stability.
161
When does Single Limb Support start?
It starts when the other foot is lifted off the ground.
162
What planes are involved in Single Limb Support?
Sagittal Plane and Transverse Plane.
163
What is the Passenger Unit responsible for?
Postural integrity.
164
What anatomical structures constitute the Passenger Unit?
Head, Neck, and Trunk.
165
How much body weight does the Passenger Unit represent?
70% of body weight.
166
Where is the center of gravity (C. of G.) of the body located?
Just anterior to T10.
167
What is the role of muscles in the Passenger Unit?
To maintain neutral vertebral alignment with minimum postural changes during gait.
168
Does arm swing impact normal gait patterns?
Arm swing does not appear essential; restraint of the arms shows no measurable change in walking energy costs.
169
What is the Locomotor Unit comprised of?
Limbs and Pelvis.
170
What role does the Pelvis play in locomotion?
It acts as a mobile link between the two lower limbs and the bottom segment of the passenger unit.
171
What is a challenge to standing stability during gait?
The top-heavy relationship between the passenger unit and the locomotor system.
172
What is a major determinant of muscle action within the locomotor system?
Alignment of the passenger unit.
173
What biomechanical models are used for gait analysis?
Inverted Pendulum Model and Bipedal 'Spring-Mass' Model.
174
What is the Inverted Pendulum Model?
A model that does not work if the initial contact is not managed properly.
175
What is the prime factor affecting propulsion during the contact phase?
Maximum Strength, Rate of Force Development, Elastic Energy Re-use.
176
What common directive is observed in barefoot running?
Barefoot running on soft surfaces (beach or lawn) is reasonably safe but hazardous on hard surfaces.
177
What anatomical adaptations occur with barefoot running?
Running barefoot produces calluses on the plantar surface of the foot.
178
What are modern running shoes designed for?
Cushioned heel, arch support, and stiffened sole.
179
What are the three types of foot strikes in running?
Rear Foot Strike (RFS), Fore Foot Strike (FFS), and Mid-Foot Strike (MFS).
180
What distinguishes Rear Foot Strike from other strikes?
Heel lands before the ball of the foot, causing a marked impact peak.
181
What is a characteristic of Fore Foot Strike?
Landing on the ball of the foot.
182
How does barefoot running influence strike patterns?
More likely to land on the front part of the foot.
183
What variations occur in impact peaks during different foot strikes?
FFS undergoes controlled dorsiflexion during foot landing.
184
What effect do running shoes have compared to barefoot running?
Shoes slow the rate of loading significantly compared to barefoot running.
185
How do stride rates vary among runners?
Non-elite runners with shoes adopt lower stride rates, while non-elite barefoot runners use higher stride rates.
186
What role does the arch of the foot play during running?
It functions as a spring, stretching during mid-stance and recoiling during the second half of stance phase.
187
What does the majority of runners at all levels prefer?
The vast majority prefer to wear shoes.
188
What is lacking in evidence for barefoot running?
There is not enough evidence to show that running barefoot negatively influences performance.
189
What is considered the single most devastating disability that can occur to an individual?
Loss of mobility.
190
What is gait in terms of walking?
A repetitious sequence of limb motion while maintaining stance and balance.
191
How does each limb function during gait?
Each limb serves as a mobile source of support while the other limb advances to a new support site.
192
Who is the primary reference for gait analysis mentioned in the lecture?
Jacquelin Perry MD.
193
What does the Gait Cycle (GC) represent?
A single sequence of movements of one limb.
194
What are the two periods or 'gait phases' in the Gait Cycle?
Stance and Swing.
195
What is the stance phase in the context of gait?
The entire period during which the foot is in contact with the ground.
196
When does the stance phase begin?
With initial contact (IC) of the foot with the ground.
197
What is the swing phase in gait?
The time the foot is in the air, designated as the period of 'limb advancement'.
198
How can stance be subdivided in the Gait Cycle?
Into three intervals: Initial double stance, Single limb support, Terminal double stance.
199
What occurs during the initial double stance phase?
Both feet are on the floor, marking the beginning of the gait cycle.
200
What marks the transition to single limb support?
When the opposite foot is lifted for swing.
201
What is meant by single limb support?
The phase when one limb has total responsibility for supporting body weight.
202
Which two primary planes must support the load during single limb support?
Sagittal Plane and Transverse Plane.
203
What does the terminal double stance phase signify?
It begins with initial floor contact by the contralateral foot and continues until ipsilateral toe-off.
204
How is timing affected during the gait cycle?
Timing deals with the periods of contact with the floor, which varies depending on walking velocities.
205
What percentage of time is typically spent in stance versus swing at normal gait velocities?
Stance 62%, swing 38%.
206
How are stride and step defined in gait?
A stride is the gait cycle, and a step is the time between two limbs, with two steps in each stride.
207
What basic functions does human gait involve?
Walking forwards on level ground and changing direction.
208
What are the two objectives of weight acceptance?
Positioning limb to start stance with heel rocker and shock absorption & weight-bearing stability.
209
What begins single limb support?
Starts when the other foot is lifted off the ground.
210
During single limb support, what is the responsibility of that limb?
Supporting the load (body weight) in two primary planes.
211
What is the function of the passenger unit during gait?
Responsible for postural integrity.
212
What anatomical structures constitute the passenger unit?
Head, Neck, Trunk.
213
What does the passenger unit represent in terms of body weight?
70% of body weight.
214
Where is the center of gravity (C.G.) of the body located?
Just anterior to T10.
215
What functions do the muscles of the passenger unit serve?
To maintain neutral vertebral alignment and minimize postural changes during gait.
216
Is arm swing essential to normal gait patterns?
No, it does not appear essential.
217
What does the locomotor unit consist of?
Limbs (2) and Pelvis.
218
What role does the pelvis play in gait?
Mobile link between the two lower limbs.
219
What is a major challenge to standing stability during gait?
The top-heavy relationship between the passenger unit and the locomotor system.
220
How does the multi-segmented nature of the supporting limbs affect stability?
It requires more precise adjustments for stability.
221
How does the Inverted Pendulum Model relate to gait?
It is one of the biomechanical models used to describe gait.
222
What is the Bipedal ‘Spring-Mass’ Model?
A biomechanical model that describes running using springs.
223
What is one major factor affecting propulsion during the contact phase?
Maximum Strength.
224
What is a common directive for barefoot running?
Barefoot running on soft surfaces is reasonably safe.
225
What anatomical adaptation occurs when running barefoot?
Produces calluses on the plantar surface of the foot.
226
What is a primary difference between barefoot and shoe running?
Barefoot running can lead to more natural foot movements.
227
What is a rear foot strike (RFS)?
When the heel lands before the ball of the foot.
228
What is the impact on forces during a rear foot strike?
Marked impact peak in the vertical ground reaction force.
229
What is a fore foot strike (FFS)?
Landing on the ball of the foot.
230
What benefits can fore foot strikes provide?
More compliance and dampening of forces.
231
What effect do shoes have on peak forces during running?
They slow the rate of loading compared to barefoot running.
232
How do stride rates differ between non-elite shoe runners and non-elite barefoot runners?
Non-elite shoe runners adopt lower stride rates, while non-elite barefoot runners have higher stride rates.
233
What function does the arch of the foot serve during running?
Acts as a spring, stretching during mid-stance and recoiling during the second half of the stance phase.
234
What percentage of runners choose to wear shoes?
The vast majority of runners at all levels.
235
Is there sufficient evidence to suggest that running barefoot negatively influences performance?
No, there is not enough evidence.
236
What is the most striking aspect of the lecture on gait mechanics?
The complex interplay between anatomical structures and movement patterns.
