Chapter 11

Question 0

Gregor Mendel

Answer 0

The father of genetics

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

The scientific study of heredity

Question 2

What is the male sex structure on a plant?

Answer 2

The stamen

Question 3

What is the female sex structure of a plant?

Answer 3

The pistil

Question 4

Where are the plants’ sperm cells found?

Answer 4

The pollen

Question 5

Fertilization

Answer 5

When the male and female reproductive cells join in sexual reproduction.

Question 6

Self pollination

Answer 6

When the sperm cell in the pollen fertilizes the egg cell of the same plant.

Question 7

True breeding

Answer 7

Self pollinating that results in the offspring being identical to their parent.

Question 8

How is self pollination prevented?

Answer 8

Cutting away the pollen-bearing male parts called the stamen.

Question 9

Cross pollinating

Answer 9

Taking pollen grains from one plants and dusting them on another.

Question 10

What did Mendel’s experiments allow him to do?

Answer 10

Cross breed plants with different characteristics and study the results.

Question 11

Trait

Answer 11

A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.

Question 12

What traits did Mendel study?

Answer 12

Seed shape, seed color, pod shape, pod color, flower position, flower color, and plant height.

Question 13

What is significant in how these traits vary with the pea plant species?

Answer 13

They each only had two contrasting characteristics.

Question 14

What did Mendel call the original pair of plants’ generation?

Answer 14

P (parental)

Question 15

True or false: Mendel called the first generation of offspring the F1 generation.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Hybrids

Answer 16

The offspring that result from a cross between parents with different traits.

Question 17

Factors (genes)

Answer 17

Determined biological inheritance.

Question 18

Alleles

Answer 18

Different forms of genes

Question 19

The Principle of Dominance

Answer 19

Some alleles are more dominant while other are recessive. Recessive can only be seen in the absence of dominant alleles.

Question 20

How did Mendel get his F2 generation?

Answer 20

By allowing his F1 generation to self pollinate.

Question 21

Law of Segregation

Answer 21

The alleles segregated from one another during the formation of gametes.

Question 22

Probability

Answer 22

The likelihood that a particular event will occur.

Question 23

True of false: past outcomes ALWAYS affect future outcomes.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

Punnett Square

Answer 24

A diagram used to predict the possible outcomes of genetic crosses.

Question 25

Homozygous

Answer 25

Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait.

Question 26

Heterozygous

Answer 26

Organisms that have two different alleles for a particular trait.

Question 27

Phenotype

Answer 27

Describes the physical characteristics

Question 28

Genotype

Answer 28

Describes the genetic make up.

Question 29

What did Mendel get in he F2 generation when he did a two-factor cross?

Answer 29

He found combinations of the two alleles not found in either parent.

Question 30

Principle of Independent Assortment

Answer 30

Genes for the different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

Question 31

Incomplete dominance

Answer 31

Neither allele is dominant over the other. (Red+white=pink)

Question 32

Codominance

Answer 32

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype. (Black+white=black with white dots)

Question 33

Multiple alleles

Answer 33

Genes have more than two alleles (blood type)

Question 34

Polygenic traits

Answer 34

Traits controlled by two or more genes (skin color)

Question 35

True or false: Mendel's principles can be applied to all organisms.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What else plays a role in determining characteristics?

Answer 36

The environment

Question 37

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 37

Chromosomes that have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent.

Question 38

Diploid

Answer 38

Cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes. (2N)

Question 39

Haploid

Answer 39

Cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes. (N)

Question 40

What cells are haploid?

Answer 40

Gametes

Question 41

Meiosis

Answer 41

The process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half by separating homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.

Question 42

What are the 3 main steps in meiosis?

Answer 42

Interphase Meiosis 1 Meiosis 2

Question 43

Interphase 1

Answer 43

DNA gets replicated forming duplicate chromosomes.

Question 44

Prophase 1

Answer 44

Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.

Question 45

Crossing over

Answer 45

Homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids, producing new combinations of alleles. (Prophase 1)

Question 46

Metaphase 1

Answer 46

Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.

Question 47

Anaphase 1

Answer 47

Chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell.

Question 48

Telophase 1 and cytokinesis

Answer 48

Nuclear membrane forms and the cell separates into two.

Question 49

True or false: interphase 2 does not exist

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Prophase 2

Answer 50

Two diploid daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. No chromosomes replicated.

Question 51

Metaphase 2

Answer 51

Chromosomes align in the center of the cell.

Question 52

Anaphase 2

Answer 52

Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.

Question 53

Telophase 2 and cytokinesis

Answer 53

4 haploid daughter cells.

Question 54

Polar bodies

Answer 54

Three gametes produced but not involved in reproduction. (Disintegrate into body)

Question 55

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Answer 55

Questioned why many traits were inherited together.

Question 56

Gene linkage

Answer 56

Chromosomes assort independently, not individual genes. Each chromosome is actually a group of linked genes.

Question 57

Name one reason why a cell divides.

Answer 57

- Information overload; too much DNA. | - Exchange of materials or ratio of surface area: volume gets too small.