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Biol 1000 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene expression

A

overall process which genetic info flows from genes to proteins

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2
Q

Gene regulation

A

controlling gene expression by turning genes on or off

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3
Q

Gene regulation in prokaryotic cells

A

response to signals from environment

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4
Q

Operon

A

segments of chromosome with genes and adjacent control sequences (promotor/operator)

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5
Q

Operator in operon controls

A

gene expression, on/off switch

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6
Q

Repressors

A

turn off operons by binding to operator (block RNA polymerase binding to promotor)

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7
Q

Activators

A

turn on operons by binding to DNA (make it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to promotor)

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8
Q

Gene regulation in eukaryotes

A

-response to single from internal and external environment

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9
Q

Cell differentiation in multicellular organisms is due to

A

control of gene expression

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10
Q

Cell differenention

A

cells are specialized in structure and function for specific role in body

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11
Q

Selective gene expression

A

subset of genes expressed in each cells type is unique

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12
Q

Strucural and chemical modification to DNA and associated proteins may lead to long term..

A

inactivation of genes

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13
Q

Multiple ______ regulate gene expression in eukaryotes

A

mechanisms

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14
Q

_______ and ______ regulation control gene expression

A

transcription and translation

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15
Q

Tightly packed DNA can..

A

block gene expression by preventing RNA polymerase from binding

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16
Q

Chemical modification to eukaryotic chromosomes block

A

gene expression

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17
Q

Addition/removal of chemical group to histones causes them to..

A

bind DNA more tight/loose

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18
Q

Chemical modifications to eukayortic chromosomes can be

A

inheited

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19
Q

Add chemical group to DNA bases which..

A

turns off genes (=methylation)

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20
Q

X chromosome is

A

chemically modified and highly compact

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21
Q

Inactivated compacted chromosome=

A

Barr Body

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22
Q

Which X chromosome inactivated is

A

random

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23
Q

Epigenetic

A

cheimcal modification to genome, important in gene regulation

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24
Q

Epigenetic explains

A

some of differences in identical twins as they age

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25
Epigenetic inheritance
inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving nucleotide sequence
26
Multicellular organisms cells are differentiated for
specilizaed roles
27
Differentiated cells only express ___ ____ of total genes
small percentage
28
"Housekeeping genes"
continually "on" in most cells for routine activities
29
Regulation of transcription at initiation
- activators help turn on transcription - transcription factors bind to enhancer sequences - repressors bind to silencers to inhibit transcription
30
Transcription factors are ____ proteins
activator
31
Transcription factors create
complex with RNA polymerase at promotor, turn gene on
32
RNA processing controls
gene expression and flow of mRNA
33
Alternative RNA splicing
produces multiples types of polypeptide from a single gene
34
MicroRNA (miRNA)
control gene expression
35
miRNA bind to
complementary mRNA
36
RNA interference (RNAi)
turns genes off
37
After mRNA is fully processed and transported to the cytoplasm, gene expression can still be regulated by
- breakdown of mRNA - initiation of translation - post-translational modification
38
Post translation modifications include
protein activation and protein breakdown
39
Cell to cell signalling often
initiates a signal transduction pathway
40
Binding of signalling molecule activates ..
series of relay proteins
41
Signalling cell may secrete ___ ____ to initiate pathway on other call
signalling molecules
42
Signal transduction pathway
last rely protein activates transcription factors, turns gene on
43
Cell signalling in gene expression is important in
animal development
44
Cell-to-cell signalling may initiate gene expression in..
early embryo development
45
Cell signalling triggers gene expression of
homeotic genes
46
Homeotic genes
master control genes that regulate other genes
47
Protein products of one set of ___ cause cascades of gene expression to develop __ ___
genes; body parts
48
Mutation in a homeotic gene can cause..
body parts in wrong places
49
Most differentiated cells retain..
a full set of genes, even though only a subset may be expressed
50
Plant cloning
a root cell can divide to form an adult plant
51
Animal cloning achieved by..
nuclear transplantation
52
Reproductive cloning is used to produce animals with desirable traits to produce..
- better agricultural products - therapeutic agents - to restock populations of endangered animals
53
Another way to clone uses..
embryonic stem cells
54
Embryonic stem cells are harvested from a
blastocyst
55
Embryonic stem cell cloning can be used to produce
cell cultures for research or stem cells for therapeutic treatments
56
Therapeutic cloning produces
embryonic stem cells (ES cells)
57
Adult stem cells
give rise to many but not all cell types
58
Certain conditions induce __ _____ in stem cells causing ____
gene expression; differentiation
59
ES cells have more ____ _____ than adult stem cells
developmental potential
60
Therapeutic cloning aims to supply cells for the...
repair of damaged or diseased organs
61
Cancer cells do not respond to
normal regulation signals
62
Cancer cells are due to
changes in gene expression
63
Oncogene
gene which can cause cancer when present in single copy
64
A cell can acquire oncogenes by
virus or mutation of own genes
65
Proto-oncogene
normal gene that has potential to become an oncogene
66
Proto-oncogene code for..
growth factors or proteins that affect growth factors or some aspect of cell cycle
67
Growth factors
proteins that stimulate cell division
68
Tumour supressor gene
normal gene whose products inhibit ell division, protein products prevent uncontrolled cell growth
69
Mutations of tutor suppressor genes may contribute to
onset of cancer
70
Carcinogens
cancer causing agents that alter DNA and make cells cancerous
71
Majority of cancers arise from
mutations caused by environmental factors

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