Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

uses O2 to extracts NRG from glucose with CO2 as waste product. Exergonic process that tranfers NRG from bonds in glucose to for ATP

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2
Q

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are…

A

complementary

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3
Q

Oxygen has a strong tendency to..

A

attract electrons

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4
Q

Electrons lose _____ when it falls to oxygen

A

potential energy

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5
Q

Oxidation reduction reaction

A

movement of electrons from one molecule to another. also known as redox reaction

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6
Q

3 steps of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative
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7
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the..

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of electrons from one substance

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9
Q

Reduction

A

addition of electrons to another substance

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10
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

oxidizes pyruvate to a 2 carbon compound. supplies third stage w/ electrons

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11
Q

Citric acid cycle takes place in…

A

mitochondria

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12
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

shuttles these electrons to the electron transport chain embedded in the mitochondria

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13
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation involves..

A

chemiosmosis

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14
Q

Glycolysis

A

Single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps

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15
Q

Chemical break down of glycolysis

A

6 carbon glucose breaks down to 2 ATP, 2 3C pyruvate, and 2 NADH

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16
Q

ATP is formed in glycolysis by..

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

17
Q

Intermediates

A

Compounds that for between initial reactant glucose and final product pyruvate

18
Q

2 main phases of glycolysis

A
  • steps 1-4: NRG investment

- steps 5-9 NRG pay off

19
Q

In NRG investment phase..

A

NRG is consumed as 2 ATP molecules are used to energize glucose molecules

20
Q

NADH

A

high NRG electrons, lower affinity

21
Q

NADH and FADH2 are..

A

co enzymes, carry electrons, they are mobile and remove hydrogen

22
Q

In citric acid cycle, 2 molecules of ____ for each initial ____

A

acetyl CoA; glucose

23
Q

After 2 turns of the citric acid cycle the overall yield per glucose molecule is..

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
24
Q

ATP synthase

A

control movement of electrons back down the matrix slowly

25
Q

3 categories of cellular poisons

A
  • block ETC (cynanide)
  • inhibit ATP synthesis (oligomycin)
  • uncouplers (make membrane leaky to H, dinitrophenol)
26
Q

Brown fat

A

SPeical type of tissue associated w/ the generation of heat and more abundant hibernating mammal and newborn infant

27
Q

Fermentation

A

way of harvesting chemical NRG that does not require oxygen. takes advantage of glycolysis

28
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

muscle cells and certain bacteria can oxidize NADH

29
Q

Alchohol fermentation

A

yeast oxidizes NADH back to NAD+ and convert pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol

30
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

poisoned by oxygen

31
Q

Facultative anaerobes..

A

make ATP by fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation depending on availability of O2

32
Q

ATP is generated using..

A

fat, proteins, and carbohydrates

33
Q

Fats have..

A

many NRG rich H in hydrocarbon tail

34
Q

Fat is converted into a ______ in glycolysis and acetyl CoA

A

intermediate

35
Q

Fat yields..

A

more than twice as much ATP per gram than carbohydrate or proteins

36
Q

Proteins burned for fuel..

A

last

37
Q

Amino acids converted into intermediates in ________ or ________

A

glycolysis; citric acid cycle