chapter 11 Flashcards by Jackson Alcock

) Motivation is best described as

the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviours
that direct organisms toward specific goals

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2) The psychology of motivation can be best summarized as the study of

the processes underlying goal-directed behaviour.

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The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called

homeostasis

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The chief function of homeostasis is to

maintain a steady state.

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) Luisa is working out at a gym and her body temperature begins to rise. Tool cool itself
down, her body begins to sweat. After showering however, her body temperature drops
below ideal, so her body begins to shiver to warm itself up. This example illustrates the
concept of

homeostasis

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Hunger and thirst are examples of

drives

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) The goal of motivated behaviour is often to _____________ a drive.

reduce

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8) In general, motivated behaviour occurs in response to which two factors?

drives and incentives

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Saying “I’m full” at the end of a meal is a common way to let others know that you
have reached the point of

satiation.

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Rested is to tired as satiation is to

hungry

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) Phyllis feels hungry even after she has eaten large meals and has been gaining
weight. A doctor diagnoses her with a neurological disorder that affects a specific
structure in the brain. Which of the following is most likely to be the affected brain
region?

hypothalamus

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The lateral hypothalamus may be involved in

the onset of eating.

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The two areas of the hypothalamus that appear to be related to eating behaviour as a
result of controlling the level of glucose in the body are called _________________ and
_________________.

ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus

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The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) may be involved in

stopping the eating response.

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Glucostats are

cells that can detect glucose levels.

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When specialized cells detect __________ levels of ____________, they trigger an
increase in hunger.

low; glucose

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One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in __________, which causes blood
sugar levels to eventually drop several hours after we eat.

insulin

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Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. What role does it play in the body?

Insulin helps cells store circulating glucose for future use.

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Which two hormones are released by the digestive system, and are involved in the
regulation of hunger?

CCK and ghrelin

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What do sugar and addictive drugs have in common?

They stimulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.

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Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychological factor that
motivates eating?

low blood sugar

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Most people have a preference for foods with a high fat content (e.g., red meat,
cheese, cream). From an evolutionary perspective, what does this suggest?

At some point in our evolutionary history, seeking out high-fat foods was adaptive.

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Research using brain imaging technology indicates that tasting foods high in fat
directly stimulates ____________ areas of the brain.

pleasure

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24) Nila’s younger brother does not like the meatloaf their mother made for dinner. When
Nila is not looking, her brother secretly scoops some of his meatloaf onto her plate so
that, although Nila is eating meatloaf, the amount on her plate remains about the same.
Which of the following is most likely to happen?

Nila will eat more than she normally would.

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) In experiments where bowls of soup were secretly filled through a tube so that the soup never ran out, which of the following happened?

. Participants ate significantly more than control participants, but did not feel more satiated.

Which of the following is an example of the unit bias?

eating more chips in one sitting from a "jumbo" bag than a regular size bag

27) For years, Jenna ate one toaster pastry for breakfast. Then the company changed their packaging so that the toaster pastries were wrapped in sets of two. Ever since this change occurred, Jenna has had two pastries for breakfast. This is an example of

the unit bias.

Wanda goes to the cafeteria with her coworkers. She is not hungry, but eats because everyone else in the group is. This is an example of

social facilitation.

Petra is on a date. She really likes her food, but stops herself after eating only one- third because she doesn't want her date to think she is a glutton. Petra's behaviour is an example of

impression management.

Samantha is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder. She is dangerously thin but perceives herself as overweight. To control her weight she starves herself. Samantha is diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

anorexia nervosa

_______________ is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation.

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by forced vomiting or the use of laxatives is called

bulimia.

Zulma is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder. Every day she eats a box of doighnuts and an entire bag of chips and then makes herself vomit. Zulma most likely has which of the following disorders?

bulimia nervosa

Eating disorders and body-image distortions among boys and men often take a different form than is typically seen with women. For example, they are more likely to

starve themselves and exercise compulsively to be more muscular.

Another term for a person's sex drive or desire for sexual activity is his or her

. libido.

The first systematic surveys of sexual behaviour were conducted from 1938 to 1952 by

Alfred Kinsey.

Kinsey believed that

sexual orientation was on a continuum

Which is NOT one of the usual criticisms of Kinsey's methodologies?

Most of the volunteers were homosexual.

Masters and Johnson's original subjects in the study of human sexual response were

prostitutes.

_______________ famously observed volunteers masturbating or having sex while specialized equipment monitored their physiological responses.

Masters and Johnson

41) Equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity was used by

Masters and Johnson.

The four stages of sexual activity include excitement, plateau, orgasm and

resolution

The first phase of the sexual response is

excitement.

44) The second phase of the sexual response is

plateau.

The final phase of the sexual response is

resolution.

Rashid has just had an orgasm. However, his partner is still excited and wants Rashid to continue his sexual activity. Unfortunately, Rashid has lost his erection. Rashid is probably now in the

refractory period.

Masters and Johnson reported that unlike men, women

do not have a refractory period and can achieve many orgasms during a sexual encounter.

Which statement is consistent with Masters and Johnson's findings?

Some women can have multiple orgasms.

Research indicates that, when it comes to orgasms,

men and women are remarkably similar.

Blood levels of the hormone oxytocin surge in both men and women just after which phase of the sexual response cycle?

orgasm

Which of the following is the best definition of sexual orientation?

a consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the same sex, opposite sex, or both

52) Research supports the theory that homosexuality a. is the result of a "smothering mother." b. is the result of an "absent father." c. is caused by seduction by an older adult. d. has unknown and puzzling causes

has unknown and puzzling causes.

Some research suggests that an area of the _____________ is on average smaller in brains of gay males than heterosexual males.

hypothalamus

Which of the following is true of Simon LeVay's finding that a region of the brain is typically smaller in homosexual males than it is in heterosexual males?

A confounding variable in the study is that many of the gay men in the study died from HIV complications.

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, which needs must be met first?

physiological

Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Mark works hard so he can afford to move out of his dangerous and crime-ridden neighborhood.

Bill has felt isolated and like an "outsider" since coming to college for his freshman year. As a result, he decided to rush a fraternity and was very excited when he was selected to pledge. According to Maslow, Bill may be attempting to meet the need of

belonging.

58) A key element to satisfying the need to belong is

a. a sense of permanence to our relationships.

How do many current psychologists view the need to belong differently than Maslow did?

Maslow viewed the need for food and shelter as more important than belonging, while many psychologists today consider it just as important.

According to your textbook, ______________ is a risk factor for illnesses such as heart disease and cancer, and elevates a person's risk for having hypertension, a weaker immune system, and high levels of stress hormones.

loneliness

_______________motivation is the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals.

. Achievement

____________motives are geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition.

. Performance

_______________ goals are positive experiences that you seek directly.

Approach

_______________ goals involve the effort to avoid unpleasant experiences.

Avoidance

Gerald is learning to play the guitar because he thinks girls will be more likely to go out with him if he plays in a band. This is an example of _______________ motivation and an __________________ goal.

performance; approach

Procrastination is least likely to occur with which combination of motivation and goal

mastery; approach

Emotion is defined as

a behaviour with the following three components: (a) a subjective thought and/or experience with (b) accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal and (c) an observable behavioural expression (e.g., an emotional facial expression or changes in muscle tension)..

) The three major components that psychologists focus on when defining "emotion" are

subjective thoughts and experiences, patterns of physical arousal, and behavioural expressions.

Certain emotions are associated with certain patterns of _____________, which explains why our heart races and our palms sweat when we are nervous or fearful.

autonomic nervous system activity

The polygraph "lie detector" is based on the assumption that a person who is guilty and fearful will have

increased activity of the autonomic nervous system.

Which of the following is true regarding lie detectors?

Polygraphs are able to detect arousal, but are not valid indicators of lying.

The _______________ quickly assesses danger or threat.

amygdala

Three-year- old Javier sees his dad dressed up as a gorilla and Javier screams in fear. What brain structure is probably involved in his reaction?

amygdala

Samantha jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus. What brain structure played a key role in Samantha's swift reaction?

amygdala

The pathway that projects directly from the thalamus to the amygdala is called the ____________ pathway.

d. fast

The so called "fast pathway" is an important circuit in the brain because

it allows us to respond to a potentially dangerous stimulus before we even know exactly what it is.

Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James- Lange theory of emotion?

stimulus -- > physiological changes -- > emotion

Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.

Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion?

. James-Lange

Which theory of emotion proposes that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies and emotions result directly from those physiological changes?

James-Lange

Which statement is most consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

"I'm happy because I laugh."

What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?

stimulus -- > emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

You are walking in the forest and see a bear. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what happens next?

You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.

The ______ theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes.

Cannon-Bard theory

Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis?

Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.

Which is an example of facial feedback hypothesis?

making yourself smile, then finding that your mood is more positive

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that

his positive feelings will increase.

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that

his positive feelings will decrease.

The ___________ theory proposes that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: physical arousal and labeling.

two-factor

) Erica saw her old boyfriend and her heart began to race. According to the two-factor theory, is she happy to see him or frightened of him?

It depends on how she interprets her increased heart rate.

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, appraisal of the situation would come _______ the physical arousal and _______ the experience of emotion.

after; before

Schachter proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: _____ and _____.

physical arousal; labelling

Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to the

two-factor theory

_______________ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings.

Display rules

Display rules involve

social/cultural guidelines that regulate when, how, and where a person may express emotion.

Larry is an American businessman working with a Japanese company. He accidently offended one of his Japanese co-workers when he affectionately slapped him on the back. This misunderstanding was likely caused by Larry not understanding Japanese

display rules.