chapter 12 Flashcards by Jackson Alcock

_______________is a characteristic pattern of thinking, interacting, and reacting that
is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situations

Personality

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A psychologist who studies the unique personality characteristics of individuals is
using __________________ approach to studying personality.

. an idiographic

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Which of the following best illustrates the idiographic approach to personality
research?

performing a detailed study of the world’s most successful business person

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) Dr. Mano is a personality researcher who is NOT interested in the particular
idiosyncrasies that make individuals unique. Instead, her research involves studying large
groups of people in order to make generalizations about the structure of personality. Dr.
Mano’s research is an example of

the nomothetic approach.

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Creative, fair-minded, and impulsive are examples of ____________.

personality traits

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A central principle of the trait perspective to personality is that

c. individuals can be understood based on how well specific traits describe them.

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) A technique called _____________ is used to group items that people respond to
similarly.

. factor analysis

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What technique do trait theorists use to identify groups or clusters of related
personality traits?

factor analysis

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aymond Cattell advanced the study of personality by

using factor analysis.

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) Which two researchers are associated with the Five Factor Model, also known as the
Big Five?

McCrae and Costa

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The _______________ dimension of the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI- R)
describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy.

extraversion

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Walter prefers to stay home on a Friday night and read a good book to hanging out
with other people. In fact, he tends to be fairly reclusive in general. If Walter took the
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI- R), he would likely have a low score on the
____________ dimension.

extraversion

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Amir is constantly worrying about things, even though he really doesn’t have
anything to worry about. He is also very insecure and can become very upset when he
thinks his friends are making a joke about him. If Walter took the NEO Personality
Inventory (NEO-PI- R), he would likely have a ____________ score on the
____________ dimension.

high; neuroticism

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Most of Candice’s relationships with other people are hostile. She frequently gets in
fights with strangers and even close friends. If Candice took the NEO Personality
Inventory
(NEO-PI- R), she would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension.

agreeableness

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The _______________ dimension of the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI- R)
describes the extent to which people are imaginative and curious, or conventional and
“down-to- earth.”

openness

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Marques loves to go to parties. While there, he can have a conversation with just
about anyone, whether he knows them or not. Which of the following Five Factors would
Marques probably rate highly on based on this information?

extraversion

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Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits?

d. OCEAN
Correct: The “Big Five” personality traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism. The first letters of each word spell out OCEAN. 495

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Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of the Big Five?

sociableness

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Research discussed in your textbook suggests that people on Facebook tend to
present themselves

accurately.

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While psychologists do not typically refer to infants as having “personalities,” infants
do display personality-like attributes called _____________.

temperaments

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Nancy is a three month old infant. Compared to other infants her age, she is fussy and
cries easily. Nancy’s behaviours would most accurately be described as the result of her
_____________.

temperament

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Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament
and personality?

Temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one’s personality is
built.

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Which of the following best describes the personality of individuals as they age?

. The personalities of children and adolescents tend to change somewhat, but are very
stable by middle age.

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One criticism of the trait theories of personality is that they

do not describe how states and situational factors can influence our behaviour.

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Research indicates that locations, associations, activities, and subjective states are four

situational influences that interact with personality to determine our behaviour.

Which perspective on personality development is most concerned with how one's learning history influences one's future permanent, adult personality?

behaviourist

Allana is generally an outgoing person. A ____________ psychologist would be most likely to suggest that Allana's personality is the result of being reinforced for outgoing behaviour by her parents, teachers, or other people she interacted with in the past.

behaviourist

The behavioural theories of personality development tend to focus on ____________.

learning

The role of reciprocal determinism in personality development was highlighted by the _____________.

c. social-cognitive theorists

What is Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality?

reciprocal determinism

In the context of social psychology, the acronym WEIRD stands for

. Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic

A potential issue with the majority of the research on personality is that the results may only generalize to __________.

WEIRD people

) Research suggests that the Big Five personality traits are

fairly consistent across many cultures.

Which of the following is true about cross-cultural differences in personality?

While most cultures share the same Big Five personality factors, the prevalence of each trait often differs.

Which of the following is a potential issue associated with using standard tests for the Big Five in cross-cultural personality research?

The research may miss other personality factors, not found in Western cultures

A concern with personal goals and a self-focused orientation are most characteristic of those from ________ cultures.

individualistic

Joe works hard to avoid embarrassing himself or his family. Given what researchers have found about people from different cultures, he is most likely from _____________.

China

) Which of these research methods would a psychologist be likely to employ to study the influence of genetics on personality?

examining correlations in personality between pairs of identical and fraternal twins

The genetic correlation between identical twins raised in the same household is typically around ______ for all of the big five personality factors.

Which research approach is probably the best for exploring the genetic contribution to personality?

comparing identical twins who were reared apart

Identical twins reared apart will often have

similar personalities.

According to your textbook, one possible way genes might influence personality is by affecting ______________.

brain chemicals

According to research discussed in your textbook, inheriting short copies of the ______________ transporter gene predisposes people to anxiety, shyness, and negative emotional reactions in interpersonal situations.

serotonin

Which of the following is true about personality and nonhuman animals?

The Big Five personality traits have been found in many different species.

45) Compared to men, women tend to report ___________ levels of extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

higher

Your textbook argues that personality differences between men and women may be due to ___________ factors.

economic

Levi lives in a relatively wealthy country, where most people have access to health care and education. Which of the following is most likely true about personality gender differences in Levi's country compared to countries with fewer social and economic resources?

Gender differences are more pronounced.

Which of the following is true about claims that women and men have different personalities?

) Kosuke believes that a woman should not be president of the United States because women are biologically predisposed to have "unpresidential" personalities. Which of the following should you tell him?

Gender differences in personality exist, but are quite small and not necessarily biological.

An Ancient Roman physician would be most likely to diagnosis a patient with a melancholy (depressed) personality as

an imbalance in the bodily fluids known as humors.

Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile were collectively known as the four ____________.

humors

) Of the following, which is the oldest theory of personality?

humorism

Which test or technique would a phrenologist use to access an individual's personality?

examining the skull

``` According to Eysenck, who would have the LEAST reactive reticular activating system? a. Grace, who likes to read b. Tucker, who likes to fish c. Lily, who likes to talk d. Ben, who likes to surf ```

Ben, who likes to surf

According to Eysenck, people who have decreased reactivity in the limbic system (the emotional circuits), reticular activating system, and cortex are more likely to be ______________.

extraverts

According to Eysenck, the reason why some people seek out exciting new social and emotional experiences is that they

require relatively high levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions.

57) As part of a research study, Imani has the activity in both her prefrontal cortices measured. After the study, the researchers tell her that her left prefrontal cortex is more active than her right prefrontal cortex. While this certainly is not enough information from which to draw any firm conclusions, it might suggest that Imani is more likely to experience _____________.

c. positive emotions

In a research study discussed in your textbook, researchers found that ratings of the Big Five personality factors corresponded to the _____________ specific brain regions.

size of

__________ is the personality theorist whose work is now reflected in the psychodynamic schools of thought.

Sigmund Freud

Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconscious motivations?

Psychodynamic

61) Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud? a. the preconscious mind

d. the unconscious

Which of the following is NOT a key assumption shared by psychodynamic theories?

When basic needs for love are met, human beings seek to achieve their fullest potential.

Which of the following is one of the three components of the Freudian personality structure?

Superego

The id is motivated by the desire for ____________.

instant gratification

Jamal has a very bad temper. He is notorious for lashing out at his friends when he doesn't get his way. According to Freud, what is dominating Jamal's actions?

Which motto would best fit the id?

"If it feels good, then do it."

Some authors relate Freud's personality structure to an iceberg, saying that the __________ is completely submerged in our unconscious.

According to Freud, the ego is the __________ of personality

realistic component

Justin passes a parked car that he likes. According to Freud's view of the psyche, which part of Justin's personality convinces him to save his money for a few months so he can buy the car?

ego

What structure serves as the moral component of one's personality? a. the actual self

superego

As you are preparing for your biology exam, you notice two of your classmates in the library. After going to talk with them, you discover they are planning to cheat during tomorrow's exam. What part of your personality would cause you to feel ashamed or guilty if you also cheated on the exam?

superego

What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense?

defence mechanisms

According to Freud, defence mechanisms are unconscious attempts to reduce our feelings of ___________.

anxiety

Eila is a 16-year- old girl. Her mom just got remarried to Brick, a strikingly handsome and very kind man. Recently, Eila has begun to taunt Brick about his physique and even tells her mom that she can't stand him. Which defence mechanism is she exhibiting?

reaction formation

Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer. Mahmoud's first response is that there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests. Which defence mechanism is at work here?

denial

When anxiety-provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness, such as not remembering lying to a parent, it is called ____________.

repression

During a grade school field trip, Ryan and his friends were running down a hill when he stepped on a snake. He was unharmed but shaken by the experience. When one of his friends mentioned the incident months later, Ryan could not remember running down the hill that day. Freud would say that this is an example of __________.

repression

Anna is a morally rigorous person who demands that her daughter remain a virgin until she is married. Anna cannot remember her own premarital sexual encounters. Which defence mechanism would likely account for this memory lapse?

repression

If the frustration, conflict, and anxiety associated with a particular psychosexual stage are not properly resolved, Freud believed children may

remain fixated, or stuck, at that stage.

You notice your classmate Hannah chewing on her pencil as she takes her psychology final. Which psychosexual stage may not have been resolved?

oral

81) A newborn baby is in what stage of psychosexual development?

oral stage

According to Freud, habits such as fingernail biting or gum chewing could result from a fixation in the __________ stage.

oral

A Freudian psychotherapist would assert that an alcoholic or a chain-smoker is stuck in what stage of development?

Oral

Which order is correct for Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

The main conflict of the anal stage comes from

toilet training.

Stewie has developed strong feelings for his mother and views his father as a rival for her attention. However, he is afraid that his father will find out and interfere with these plans. Stewie is clearly immersed in the __________ stage.

phallic

The Oedipus complex is most likely experienced in the __________ stage.

phallic

The libido is dormant during the __________ stage.

latent

According to Freud, appropriate sexual and romantic relationships are only possible when an individual has attained the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

genital

A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect

unconscious thoughts and feelings.

When Anna looks at some modern artwork at the museum, she often thinks she sees human figures or faces and likes to make up stories about them. When she tells the stories to her friend, her friend says that the stories reflect Anna's unconscious thoughts. In psychological terms, what Anna does is most similar to _____________.

a projective test

Tony has devised a test in which people look at clouds and talk about what they see. What type of test would psychologists call this?

projective

Which of the following is a projective test?

Rorschach

Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality?

Rorschach

What is one criticism of projective tests?

They have low validity and reliability.

Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

According to the authors, the key criteria for evaluating personality assessments are

reliability and validity.

Many projective assessment tools are often lacking in ____________.

validity

Who is not a psychodynamic personality theorist?

Carl Rogers

Freud placed much more emphasis on __________ than either Adler or Horney.

. sexuality

Which psychodynamic theorist introduced the concept of the inferiority complex into discussions of psychological adjustment?

. Adler

102) Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the __________.

. collective

Jung's theory suggests that the __________ is a collection of archetypes that represent concepts or figures common to all cultures.

collective unconscious

Carl Jung suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called ________.

archetypes

Which theorist emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious in personality development?

Jung

What theorist strongly disagreed with Freud's ideas about women and their feelings of penis envy?

Horney

A key critique of Freud's theory of personality is that

Much of it cannot be falsified.

Which of the following is a limitation of the psychodynamic perspective that stems from the fact that Freud based much of his original theory a handful of patients?

His observations may not apply to the wider population of healthy, ordinary people from a variety of backgrounds.

One of the most well-known humanistic theorists was ____________.

Carl Rogers

) According to Carl Rogers' ________________ perspective, people are basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally.

person-centred

Luisa believes that people are generally good at heart and that they usually do the right thing if you give them a chance. Which psychological perspective is most likely to appeal to her?

humanistic