chapter 13

Question 1

) The guidelines for how to behave in social contexts are called

Answer 1

social norms.

Question 2

Doni enters an elevator and stands in it facing the back instead of turning around to
face the elevator door. Doni is violating

Answer 2

a social norm.

Question 3

Some behaviours, such as cursing and wearing revealing clothing are acceptable in
some social contexts, but are considered unacceptable in other situations, such as in a
business office. Which of the following explains why this is the case?

Answer 3

Many social norms are specific to a social context.

Question 4

Drill instructors in the military often yell at new recruits and try to humiliate them. In
contrast, this behaviour would never be tolerated from a kindergarten teacher, who is
expected to be patient and nurturing. The behaviour of both drill instructors and
kindergarten teachers are examples y

Answer 4

social roles.

Question 5

Daniel’s friends would probably describe him as easy going and a bit of a jokester.
However, after becoming a police officer, Daniel feels that he is expected to be serious
and strict. Daniel is feeling pressure to conform his behaviour to the ______________ of
police officer.

Answer 5

social role

Question 6

While __________ are general rules that apply to members of a group, ___________
are guidelines that apply to specific positions within the group.

Answer 6

social norms; social roles

Question 7

In the Stanford Prison Study, male college students agreed to participate in a two-week
experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and
guards. The researchers found that

Answer 7

within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, developing emotional
symptoms and stress-related illnesses.

Question 8

What does the Stanford prison study tell us about the relationship between social roles
and behaviour?

Answer 8

When people are placed in social roles with a lot of power, their behaviour often
changes to fit their new role.

Question 9

The Stanford Prison Study demonstrates how a person’s _______________ affects
behaviour.

Answer 9

social role

Question 10

What actual event could have been predicted based on the results of Zimbardo’s
classic prisoner study at Stanford University?

Answer 10

the events at Abu Gharib prison in Iraq

Question 11

When individuals find themselves in new situations where they are uncertain of how
to behave, they often copy the behaviours of others, a strategy known as

Answer 11

mimicry.

Question 12

) Wilhelm doesn’t follow sports, but he agrees to go to a football game with a friend.
Because he is unfamiliar with the rules, Wilhelm watches the other spectators around him
carefully to see when they clap, stand, cheer, and boo and then copies their behaviour.
Which strategy is Wilhelm using?

Answer 12

mimicry.

Question 13

The chameleon effect occurs when individuals

Answer 13

unconsciously copy the behaviour of those around them for no apparent reason.

Question 14

Ginger’s new roommate tends to wink a lot at the end of sentences to indicate that she
is joking. After living together for a few weeks, Ginger unconsciously begins to wink
when she makes a joke. This is an example of

Answer 14

the chameleon effect.

Question 15

According to your textbook, one of the situations that produces more mimicry than
others is when an individual

Answer 15

wants to make a good impression.

Question 16

In general, when an individual mimics aspects of the behaviour of another, the
imitator tends to be ___________by the imitated person.

Answer 16

viewed favourably

Question 17

Imitating the behaviour of one individual is called _____________, whereas
changing your behaviour to fit in with a group is called _____________.

Answer 17

mimicry; conformity

Question 18

Which of the following is true about conformity?

Answer 18

Conformity is often a conscious decision.

Question 19

You get on an elevator. Everyone is facing to the right. You turn and also face to the
right. This is an example of

Answer 19

conformity.

Question 20

In the experiments conducted by Solomon Asch, what was the main task that subjects
had to perform?

Answer 20

selecting line sizes

Question 21

Solomon Asch set up an experiment in which eight people were shown a 10-inch line
and then had to choose the line that matched it in length from a choice of three other
lines. Through this experiment, Asch was studying

Answer 21

conformity.

Question 22

If you’re like ___ percent of participants in the original Asch study, you would
conform to the incorrect norm on at least once during testing.

Answer 22

. 75

Question 23

When an individual, who is part of a larger group, puts forth less effort than other
group members, ________ occurs.

Answer 23

social loafing

Question 24

You and your group have had four weeks to complete a group project for your
economics class. You are now four days away from the due date, and you and one other
group member have been putting in all of the time and effort. The other two members
come occasionally to group meetings and do the minimal work required. This unfortunate
situation is known as

Answer 24

social loafing.

Question 25

A group member is more likely to engage in social loafing if he or she believes that

Answer 25

his or her performance will not make a difference to the group's performance.

Question 26

What is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching?

Answer 26

social facilitation

Question 27

Marco has been running each afternoon trying to beat his college's record for the 400- metre sprint. Despite all his practising, he hasn't been able to come in under his usual time. There's a big fan turnout for the track meet on Saturday against the rival school and Marco not only beats the old record, but far surpasses it. Marco's behaviour illustrates

Answer 27

social facilitation.

Question 28

Social facilitation is most likely to occur when individuals

Answer 28

have mastered the task they are performing.

Question 29

Which of the following is a decision-making problem in which group members avoid arguments and strive for agreement?

Answer 29

groupthink

Question 30

Which of the following statements is most likely to contribute to groupthink?

Answer 30

”I'm sure we all agree on this.”

Question 31

________ can occur when individuals who are part of a group focus on preserving group solidarity at the expense of considering all possible alternatives or even failing to use rational thought in the process.

Answer 31

Groupthink

Question 32

) A group of chemists, who have been working together on a new diet pill for the last four years, meet to discuss their new drug. Over the years, they have all come to respect each other and have formed a close bond. Upon discussing the effectiveness and safety of the diet pill, many members of the group found themselves agreeing with most of the comments that were made. Somewhere along the way, no one seemed to pay much attention to the fact that some of the subjects in the clinical trials of that drug became ill. It seemed that because nobody wanted to disrespect anyone else, the topic of ill subjects was dropped. What psychological phenomenon occurred here?

Answer 32

roupthink

Question 33

Complying with instructions or orders from an individual who is in a position of authority is called

Answer 33

obedience.

Question 34

What did Milgram study

Answer 34

obedience to authority

Question 35

_______ found that normal people in normal times will often follow orders to hurt innocent people.

Answer 35

Stanley Milgram

Question 36

Before Stanley Milgram conducted his study on obedience, he asked a number of psychiatrists and psychologists how many people would go all the way to the highest voltage under the instructions of the authority. Milgram found that

Answer 36

The experts greatly underestimated how many participants would inflict what they thought were dangerous amounts of shock.

Question 37

About _______________ of all participants in Milgram's study administered the highest level of shock to the learner.

Answer 37

. 65%

Question 38

When Milgram and his team set up several variations of his original study, they found that people were more likely to disobey when

Answer 38

a confederate acting as another teacher refused to comply.

Question 39

William is a police officer who is instructed by a superior officer to beat a subject in order to obtain a confession. According to research done on obedience, William is more likely to disobey this order if

Answer 39

William sees another police officer refuse to continue beating the subject.

Question 40

``` A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram's research. He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles. Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate? ```

Answer 40

quot;Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority"

Question 41

Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research?

Answer 41

People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.

Question 42

_____________ occurs when members of a group discuss characteristic attitudes of their group and, as a result, their views become stronger.

Answer 42

Ingroup bias

Question 43

The phenomenon of ________________ explains why meetings between proponents and opponents of an idea often ends with participants having more extreme opinions on the issue than they did before the meeting.

Answer 43

ingroup bias

Question 44

When we experience an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, we are experiencing

Answer 44

cognitive dissonance.

Question 45

Whenever a person has two contradictory cognitions at the same time, a state of _____________ exists.

Answer 45

cognitive dissonance

Question 46

Cognitive dissonance is

Answer 46

a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent.

Question 47

) When an individual's attitudes do not match up with his/her behaviours, ________ is likely to occur.

Answer 47

cognitive dissonance

Question 48

Even though Jane thought it was wrong to take from others, she didn't want to be rejected by her peers, so she began shoplifting along with them. Jane probably experienced ___________ when she stole.

Answer 48

cognitive dissonance

Question 49

Representative Jansen, a U.S. congresswoman, believes in the reproductive rights and welfare of women but voted to ban late-term abortions. Jansen feels very uneasy about the conflict between her beliefs and her behaviour. She is most likely experiencing

Answer 49

cognitive dissonance.

Question 50

When she is not at the bar, Jayla preaches to everyone about the dangers of smoking. However, she does smoke an occasional cigarette when she is at the bar with her friends, although at those times she feels somewhat frustrated by her own smoking behaviour. Jayla is likely experiencing ________ when she smokes.

Answer 50

cognitive dissonance

Question 51

In 1954, Marian Keech convinced her followers that aliens from planet Clarion had sent her a message that the world was coming to an end on December 21, but that they could be saved. When the world did not come to an end, Mrs. Keech and many of her followers reduced cognitive dissonance by

Answer 51

deciding that their efforts had been justified and had spared the planet

Question 52

Darnel believes very strongly that large corporations are evil and are destroying America. One day, however, a large corporation releases a new tablet computer that Darnel runs out to buy. When asked about his purchase of a product made by a large corporation, Darnel says, "Well, I suppose not all corporations are evil." Darnel's change in attitude is likely an attempt to

Answer 52

reduce cognitive dissonance.

Question 53

53) Which one of the following activities will NOT reduce cognitive dissonance? a. changing the behaviour to match the attitude b. changing the thought to justify the behaviour c. developing new thoughts to justify the behaviour d. continuing the behaviour in spite of the conflicting thoughts

Answer 53

d. continuing the behaviour in spite of the conflicting thoughts

Question 54

54) ________ involves making a small request before asking for a bigger one.

Answer 54

. The foot-in- the-door technique

Question 55

A local charity sends you return mailing labels and asks you to contribute whatever you can. You go ahead and send $5. A month later, you receive another request, but this time for $10, along with numerous other charities to contribute to. While you feel good that you contributed, you may be experiencing the

Answer 55

foot-in- the-door technique

Question 56

The ________ technique involves asking for an unreasonably large request before asking for the small request you are hoping to have granted

Answer 56

door-in- the-face

Question 57

) Miranda received a phone call from a telemarketer for a local charity. The telemarketer asked for a $1000 donation. When Miranda refused, the telemarketer then asked for $25, to which Miranda agreed. This is an example of the

Answer 57

door-in- the-face technique.

Question 58

Your friend asks you to borrow $50 from you. You tell him no. Then he asks for a mere $10, which you gladly give him. While you feel good to have helped him out, you may have just experienced the

Answer 58

door-in- the-face technique.

Question 59

There are two alternative pathways to persuading others. One leads us to evaluate the merits of the persuasive arguments carefully and thoughtfully. This is known as the

Answer 59

central route.

Question 60

There are two alternative pathways to persuading others. One leads us to respond to persuasive arguments on the basis of quick judgments. This is known as the

Answer 60

peripheral route.

Question 61

When Sam went looking for a new car, he met a beautiful saleswoman who described the beauty of the car and the flashiness, and how good Sam would look driving it. She did not mention the poor gas mileage, the exorbitant price, and the poor road performance. Sam made a snap decision to buy the car from the persuasive saleswoman. Sam was using which alternative pathway in making a decision?

Answer 61

the peripheral route

Question 62

In social psychology, the term person perception refers to

Answer 62

the processes by which individuals form judgments and categorize other people.

Question 63

When we first meet a person, we usually rely on clusters of knowledge and expectations about individuals and groups called

Answer 63

schemas.

Question 64

Which of the following is a valid conclusion from the studies discussed in your textbook that used the thin-slice technique to investigate quick judgments about the personal qualities of others?

Answer 64

Quick judgments and those made with more information are remarkably similar.

Question 65

Our impressions of people form

Answer 65

within seconds of meeting them for the first time.

Question 66

Vince believes Gerald is a jerk, so Vince ignores Gerald and does not invite him to any of his parties. Gerald begins to be rude to Vince and talks about him behind his back. Assuming Gerald's behaviour is only a reaction to how Vince treated him in the first place, this is an example of

Answer 66

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 67

When a teacher singles out individuals as "good" or "bad" students, ________________ can occur because the behaviour of the teacher towards these students can affect whether they succeed or not.

Answer 67

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 68

When we attempt to explain the cause of someone's behaviour, we are utilizing

Answer 68

attributions.

Question 69

When a person assigns causes to another individual's behaviour and assumes that the behaviour is due to that individual's personal characteristics, a(n) ________ is made.

Answer 69

internal attribution

Question 70

A(n) ________ attribution is made when we blame an individual's behaviour on the situation; a(n) ________ attribution is made when we blame the individual's behaviour on his or her personality or other personal characteristics.

Answer 70

external; dispositional

Question 71

When driving down the highway, Caesar could not help but notice the young-looking teenager who seemed to be driving in a reckless manner. He immediately assumed that he was one of those defiant, careless, and irresponsible teens who really did not deserve a licence. Caesar just made a(n)

Answer 71

internal attribution.

Question 72

Gianna was coming home from work and could not help but notice the young woman who seemed to be driving in a reckless manner. She immediately wondered if the girl was in an emergency or if something important was going on to make her drive like that. Gianna just made a(n)

Answer 72

external attribution.

Question 73

Wendy is walking down the street when she suddenly falls down and lands squarely on her backside. A group of girls standing about 50 feet away start laughing hysterically, telling each other what a klutz Wendy is. The unsympathetic girls in this group are making a(n) __________ attribution to explain why Wendy fell down.

Answer 73

dispositional

Question 74

When half of his class earned Ds and Fs on the midterm exam, Professor Bush came back to the next class and delivered a stern lecture about their effort. He admonished the class for failing to meet their obligations, for being lazy, and for not taking their studies seriously. These attributions, which were all __________ attributions, did not really give any consideration to the fact that the students may have had other reasons for failing the exam that were beyond their immediate control.

Answer 74

internal

Question 75

The __________ attribution error is a phenomenon in which people make an attribution based on character, while simultaneously ignoring situational factors

Answer 75

fundamental

Question 76

The tendency to give too much emphasis to personal factors when accounting for other people's actions is called

Answer 76

the fundamental attribution error.

Question 77

When people are trying to find reasons for someone else's behaviour, they tend to

Answer 77

overestimate personality traits and underestimate the influence of the situation.

Question 78

Janis, an administrative assistant at a large firm, is trying to find reasons for her boss's hostile behaviour. She is likely to

Answer 78

overestimate her boss's personality traits and underestimate the influence of the situation.

Question 79

79) The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency of people to

Answer 79

overestimate the role of dispositional factors in the behaviour of others.

Question 80

``` Callie does poorly on an exam in one class but does very well on an exam in another class. She attributes her poor performance on the first exam to the fact that the professor is not a very good instructor. In contrast, she attributes her good performance on the second exam to the fact that she is a good student. This is most likely an example of ```

Answer 80

the self-serving bias.

Question 81

According to the self-serving bias concept, we tend to use ______________ attributions for ourselves when we do something well, and_______________ attributions when we fail or commit errors.

Answer 81

internal; external

Question 82

A politician wants to be re-elected in his district. The politician knows that half the constituents favour a political platform that focuses on climate change but wants to influence the attitudes of the other half of the constituents. Which of the following campaign approaches would be most likely to influence those still undecided on climate change?

Answer 82

emphasizing improvement that can be made in a few months or years

Question 83

a belief about the characteristics of members of a group that are applied generally to most members of the group is known as a(n)

Answer 83

stereotype.

Question 84

Cynthia has recently begun a career with a Jewish-based agency. Up until this point in her life, she had not had any interaction with anyone who was Jewish. Based on the individuals she works with, she has found them to be a very close knit group who care for their own in the community who may need assistance. Additionally, she has found them to be very educated and assertive. Cynthia now holds the view that all Jewish people are the same: educated, close knit within their own group, assertive, and caring toward other Jewish folks who need help. Cynthia's view represents

Answer 84

a stereotype.

Question 85

The typically negative behaviours an individual displays toward others based on membership to a particular group is referred to as ________; the typically negative attitudes an individual has toward others based on membership to a particular group is referred to as ________.

Answer 85

. discrimination; prejudice

Question 86

Aleta is looking at a stack of applications for the open position she has at her bakery. She called all of the applicants acting as if she was asking an important question about their application. Really, however, she wanted to know who had an accent so she could put those applications in the ”no” pile. Aleta just engaged in

Answer 86

discrimination.

Question 87

Hank is a Toronto Maple Leafs fan. Although he doesn't realize it, Hank tends to assume other Leafs fans are generally good people. This is an example of

Answer 87

ingroup bias.

Question 88

The collection of people that we perceive as "different" than us is known as the

Answer 88

outgroup.

Question 89

Which of the following is true about stereotypes?

Answer 89

Well-intentioned stereotypes based on positive characteristics can still have undesirable consequences.

Question 90

Lucy is the hiring manager for a large company. She has never said anything negative about Hispanics, and honestly believes that everyone should be given an equal chance. Despite this, Lucy has hired very few Hispanics, despite having many qualified candidates. Lucy's behaviour could be explained by

Answer 90

implicit prejudice.

Question 91

According to some researchers, one way to measure implicit prejudice is to

Answer 91

use the Implicit Associations Test.

Question 92

Which of the following is a critique of the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) discussed in your textbook?

Answer 92

The IAT may measure knowledge about stereotypes, rather than real attitudes or beliefs.

Question 93

An environmental activitist has to choose a campaign. Which approach will work best?

Answer 93

Suggesting that using less electricity will save people money and help the environment

Question 94

What is the term for the approach to climate change messages that emphasizes how specific groups will be negatively affected by climate change?

Answer 94

b. the social-altruisim approach

Question 95

The Kitty Genovese case depicts

Answer 95

the bystander effect.

Question 96

What term do psychologists use for the phenomenon that occurs when people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are also potential helpers?

Answer 96

bystander effect

Question 97

A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of

Answer 97

the bystander effect.

Question 98

At a crowded park, Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as

Answer 98

diffusion of responsibility.

Question 99

Nabila was at a busy grocery store when she and many others saw a gentleman on the ground. She stopped to stare and thought to herself that surely someone had already called for help for this man. She decided that because so many people were present to see the gentleman, help was already on the way. Nabila's decision not to call for help can be best explained by

Answer 99

the diffusion of responsibility.