Chapter 11

Question 1

The problem with drinking seawater

Answer 1

difference in salinity in red blood cells, cells dehydrate, shrivel, and die

Question 2

Semipermeable membrane

Answer 2

channels through which water flows

Question 3

Osmosis

Answer 3

spontaneous migration of water through semipermeable membrane

Question 4

How does water move

Answer 4

from high concentration of water (low solute) to low concentration of water

Question 5

Hypertonic

Answer 5

a solution containing a higher concentration of solutes than inside a red blood cell
the cell shrinks

Question 6

Isotonic

Answer 6

a solution that matches the concentration of solutes in cells - no change in cell

Question 7

Hypotonic

Answer 7

a solution that contains a lower concentration of solutes than inside cell - cell expands

Question 8

the pressure applied across a semipermeable membrane to stop the flow of water from te compartment containing pure solvent or a less conentrated solution to the compartment containing a more concentrated solution

Answer 8

omotic pressure

Question 9

osmotic pressure formula

Answer 9

P = MRT

Question 10

Explain P = MRT

Answer 10

M = total molar concentration
R = gas law constant
T = absolute temperature

Question 11

Characteristics of solutions that depend upon the concentration and not the identity of the particles dissloved in the solvent

Answer 11

colligative property

Question 12

Osmotic pressure when ion pair is involved

Answer 12

P = iMRT

Question 13

a process that involves removing most of the ions from seawater

Answer 13

desalination

Question 14

reverse osmosis

Answer 14

distillation

Question 15

a purification process in which solvent is forced through semipermeable membranes, leaving dissolved impurities behind

Answer 15

distillation

Question 16

the amount of energy required to convert a solid into a liquid

Answer 16

enthalpy (heat) of fusion (∆Hfusion)

Question 17

the amount of energy required to convert a liquid into a gas

Answer 17

enthalpy (heat) of vaporization (∆Hvap)

Question 18

the partial pressure of a gas in equilibrium with liquid at a contant temperature

Answer 18

vapor pressure

Question 19

the pressure exerted by a gas in equilibrium with its liquid phase at a given temperature

Answer 19

vapor pressure

Question 20

having a significant vapor pressure at a given temperature

Answer 20

volatile

Question 21

the higher the vapor pressure…

Answer 21

the more volatile

Question 22

Raoult’s law

Answer 22

P1 = X1 P°1

Question 23

Raoult’s law: P1

Answer 23

vapor pressure of solvent over the solution

Question 24

Raoult’s law: X1

Answer 24

mole fraction of the solvent

Question 25

Raoult’s law: P°1

Answer 25

vapor pressure of pure solvent

Question 26

the presence of solute particles…

Answer 26

lowers the vapor pressure of the water in seawater

Question 27

Boiling point elevation

Answer 27

ΔTb = Kb msolute

Question 28

Freezing point lowering

Answer 28

ΔTf = Kf msolute

Question 29

what does molality equal

Answer 29

moles of solute / kg of solvent

Question 30

When using boiling point elevation and freezing point lowering for ions…

Answer 30

include van’t Hoff factor (i)

Question 31

Henry’s law

Answer 31

C gas = kH x Pgas

Question 32

C gas

Answer 32

the maximum concentration of gas in a particular solvent

Question 33

k H

Answer 33

Henry’s law constant for teh gas

Question 34

P gas

Answer 34

the partial pressure of the gas in the solvent