chapter 11 - airway management Flashcards by Tori Grady

The upper tract or the passage above the larynx, which includes the nose, mouth and throat

Airway

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A side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unresponsive patients who are breathing adequately and do not have suspected injuries to the spine, hips or pelvis

recovery position

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Improper placement of an advanced airway device into the esophagus rather than into the trachea

esophageal intubation

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A liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded

surfactant

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Visualization of the airway with a laryngoscope

direct laryngoscopy

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Visualization of the vocal chords, and thereby placement of the endotracheal tube, that is facilitated by use of a video camera and monitor

video laryngoscopy

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The exchange of air between the lungs and the environment

ventilation

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Thin membrane that covers the lungs

visceral pleura

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Movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspiration

retractions

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Technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward; used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury

jaw-thrust maneuver

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The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells

metabolism

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The process of delivering oxygen to the blood by diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs

oxygenation

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The space in between the vocal chords that is the narrowest portion of the adult’s airway; also called the glottic opening

glottis

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A technique in which oxygen administered via a high-flow nasal cannula is left in place during an intubation attempt, allowing for continuous oxygen delivery into the airways during all phases of the procedure

apneic oxygenation

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Irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern

ataxic respirations

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The amount of air (in milliliters) that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath

tidal volume

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The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide

respiration

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A harsh, high-pitched respiratory sound, generally heard during inspiration, that is caused by partial blockage or narrowing of the upper airway

stridor

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The volume of air that reaches the alveoli. It is determined by subtracting the amount of dead space air from the tidal volume

alveolar ventilation

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A system established for portable cylinders to ensure that a regulator is not connected to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

pin-indexing system

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An accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity

pneumothorax

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The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate

nasopharynx

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A hollow, cylindrical device used to remove fluid from the patient’s airway

suction catheter

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The two nerves that innervate the diaphragm; necessary for adequate breathing to occur

phrenic nerves

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The process of providing oxygen, often in combination with ventilation, prior to intubation in order to raise the oxygen levels of body tissues; a critical step in advanced airway management

preoxygenation

The amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible

vital capacity

Airway adjunct inserted into the mouth of an unresponsive patient to keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway and to facilitate suctioning the airway, if necessary

oropharyngeal airway

A protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve, that limits exposure to a patient’s body fluids

barrier device

Bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli to the left side of the heart

intrapulmonary shunting

The use of muscles of the chest, back and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest

labored breathing

A safety system for large oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

American Standard Safety System

Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid

anaerobic metabolism

The volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space

alveolar minute volume

The amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath

end-tidal CO2

A device with a one-way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag

bag-mask device

Occurs when a foreign body partially obstructs the patient’s airway

mild airway obstruction

A collection of blood in the pleural cavity

hemothorax

A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

oropharynx

A term used to describe the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction

poor air exchange

The act of air moving into and out of the lungs during chest compressions

passive ventilation

Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest

agonal gasps

Open, clear of obstruction

patent

A complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that all work together

larynx

A high-pitched, whistling breath sound that is most prominent on expiration, and which suggests an obstruction or narrowing of the lower airways

wheezing

A combination mask and reservoir bag system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting

nonrebreathing mask

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

residual volume

The active, muscular part of breathing that draws air into the airway and lungs

inhalation

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries

external respiration

A method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress

continuous positive airway pressure

A noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patient’s ventilatory status, circulation, and metabolism

capnography

A normal reflex mechanism that causes retching

gag reflex

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi

dead space

Large, semi-rigid suction tips recommended for suctioning the pharynx

tonsil tips

A flexible device that is inserted between the glottis under direct laryngoscopy

gum elastic bougie

Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues

hypoxia

An oxygen-delivery device in which oxygen flows through two small, tubelike prongs that fit into the patient’s nostrils

nasal cannula

Any airway manipulation that induces the production of aerosols that may present a risk for airborne transmission of pathogens, such as CPR

aerosol-generating procedure

Absence of spontaneous breathing

apnea

Point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right main stem bronchi

carina

Subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli

bronchioles

Insertion of an endotracheal tube directly through the larynx between the vocal chords and into the trachea to maintain and protect an airway

endotracheal intubation

A ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be set

automatic transport ventilator

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute

minute volume

The process of replacing nitrogen in the lungs with oxygen to maintain a normal oxygen saturation level during advanced airway management

denitrogenation

A body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline

bilateral

Monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s needs at any given time

chemoreceptors

Airway adjunct inserted into the nostril of an unresponsive patient or a patient with an altered level of consciousness who is unable to maintain airway patency independently

nasopharyngeal airway

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

aerobic metabolism

The exchange of gases between the blood cells and the tissues

internal respiration

A cyclical pattern of abnormal breathing that increases and then decreases in rate and depth, followed by a period of apnea

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

Thin white bands of tough muscular tissue that are lateral borders of the glottis and serve as the primary center for speech production

vocal chords

The ability of the alveoli to expand when air is drawn in during inhalation

compliance

Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

diffusion

Increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream

hypercarbia

The use of a capnometer, a device that measures the amount of expired carbon dioxide

capnometry

An opening through the skin and into an organ or other structure

stoma

The term used to describe the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood

partial pressure

Thin membrane that lines the chest cavity

parietal pleura

In the context of the airway, the introduction of vomitus or other foreign material into the lungs

aspiration

A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive

hypoxic drive

An assessment tool that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds

pulse oximetry

Space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchitis, and esophagus

mediastinum

A condition in which air fills the stomach, often as a result of high volume and pressure during arterial ventilation

gastric distention

A surgical procedure to create an opening (stoma) into the trachea

tracheostomy

Occurs when a foreign body completely obstructs the patient’s airway

severe airway obstruction

An accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity that progressively increases pressure in the chest and that interferes with cardiac function, with potentially fatal results

tension pneumothorax

The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs

exhalation

Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

dyspnea

A combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used for trauma patients

head tilt-chin lift maneuver

A term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction

good air exchange

A condition of excessive oxygen consumption resulting in cellular and tissue damage

oxygen toxicity