chapter 6 - the human body Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones
A
Cranium
2
Q
The bone of the lower jaw
A
Mandible
3
Q
A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties
A
Norepinephrine
4
Q
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
A
Ilium
5
Q
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement
A
brain
6
Q
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
A
Oropharynx
7
Q
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs
A
Sebaceous glands
8
Q
The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly
A
Acetabulum
9
Q
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
A
Joint capsule
10
Q
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism
A
hormones
11
Q
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
A
tendons
12
Q
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
A
residual volume
13
Q
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
A
femur
14
Q
An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells
A
hemoglobin
15
Q
Bones of the hand; situated between the carpals and phalanges
A
Metacarpals
16
Q
Pertaining to the nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline
A
Adrenergic
17
Q
The supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton
A
Pectoral girdle
18
Q
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
A
Gallbladder
19
Q
The small organs that produce hair
A
Hair follicles
20
Q
The bones of the vertebral column
A
Vertebrae
21
Q
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will
A
voluntary muscle
22
Q
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel
A
Systemic vascular resistance
23
Q
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur
A
Lesser trochanter
24
Q
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
A
Thorax
25
Muscles that encircle and, by contracting, construct a duct, tube, or opening
Sphincters
26
The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck
cervical spine
27
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
Orbit
28
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
Dermis
29
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center
Pons
30
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions
Shock
31
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
Somatic nervous system
32
The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side
fibula
33
The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum
Fallopian tubes
34
The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg
Tibia
35
Tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers
intervertebral disks
36
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall
Tunica media
37
The bones of the cranium that form the forehead
Frontal bones
38
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
39
A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
Urinary bladder
40
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells
Metabolism
41
One of three bones that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
Sacrum
42
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
triceps
43
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function
Hypoperfusion
44
Joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection
Symphyses
45
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine
coccyx
46
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
anatomic position
47
A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle
Malleolus
48
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult man
expiratory reserve volume
49
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
systemic circulation
50
The upper quarter of the sternum
Manubrium
51
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes
pancreas
52
The collarbone
Clavicle
53
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
pleural space
54
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
systole
55
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
Aorta
56
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings
mucus
57
The linings of the body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
Mucous membranes
58
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause construction of blood vessels
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
59
The reproduction system in men and women
genital system
60
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts
Respiratory system
61
The substance that leaves the stomach
chyme
62
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint
skeletal muscle
63
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle and into the major arteries
pulse
64
Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content
kidneys
65
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
Midbrain
66
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
Cricothyroid membrane
67
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery
Femoral artery
68
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
Subcutaneous tissue
69
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
Arterioles
70
Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues
Red blood cells
71
The supporting bone of the upper arm
Humerus
72
Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense system mechanisms against infection
white blood cells
73
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
pubis
74
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
Oncotic pressure
75
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
plasma
76
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
pulmonary veins
77
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
appendix
78
The most posterior bone of the cranium
occipital bone
79
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
Bile ducts
80
One of the two lower chambers of the heart
ventricle
81
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
ureter
82
The outermost or dead layer of the skin
stratum corneum
83
The study of how normal physiological processes are affected by disease
Pathophysiology
84
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate
hinge joints
85
The shoulder blade
scapula
86
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute
Minute volume
87
A medication that increases heart rate and blood pressure but also eases breathing problems
epinephrine
88
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
Chordae tendineae
89
Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues
Hypoxia
90
The outer layer of skin
Epidermis
91
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
Enzymes
92
One of the two upper chambers of the heart
atriums
93
A cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder
renal pelvis
94
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
coronal plane
95
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
carotid artery
96
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant below the diaphragm
liver
97
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
alveoli
98
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column and rib cage
axial skeleton
99
Behind the abdominal cavity
Retroperitoneal
100
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
Brachial artery
101
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
ischium
102
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain
cerebellum
103
The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
peristalsis
104
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
Motor nerves
105
An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
sagittal plane
106
The outermost cavity of a woman’s reproductive tract
vagina
107
The amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath
Tidal volume
108
The relaxation of the heart, especially of the ventricles
Diastole
109
The deepest layer of the epidermis
germinal layer
110
The bending of a joint
flexion
111
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
Ball-and-socket joint
112
The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide
Respiration
113
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body
nervous system
114
The function units of the nervous system
Neurons
115
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients with cardiac arrest
Agonal gasps
116
Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph
lymph nodes
117
The exchange of air between the lungs and the environment
ventilation
118
The framework of the body, composed of bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues
skeletal system
119
The flow of blood through body tissues and vessels
perfusion
120
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
sacroiliac joint
121
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate and bronchial dilation
Beta-adrenergic receptors
122
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
digestion
123
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
appendicular skeleton
124
The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between the body tissues and the blood
capillary vessels
125
The space in between the cells
interstitial space
126
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
127
The number of heartbeats during a specific time
heart rate
128
The windpipe
trachea
129
The inability of the body to move gas effectively
respiratory compromise
130
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
transverse plane
131
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
blood pressure
132
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
temporal bones
133
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth
nasopharynx
134
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
topographic anatomy
135
A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients and hormones to the cells and carries away waste products of metabolism away from the cells
lymph
136
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
stroke volume
137
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
parietal bones
138
The artery just behind the medial malleolus
posterior tibial artery
139
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone
zygomas
140
The lining of the joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space
synovial membrane
141
The straightening of a joint
extension
142
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
pleura
143
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
aerobic metabolism
144
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; Adam’s apple
thyroid cartilage
145
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
hydrostatic pressure
146
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
synovial fluid
147
The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks; the spinal column
vertebral column
148
The group of bones situated between the lower leg bones and the metatarsal bones of the foot
tarsals
149
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
salivary glands
150
The bones of the fingers and toes
phalanges
151
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart
inferior vena cava
152
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five non fused vertebrae
lumbar spine
153
Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
platelets
154
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
155
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
scalp
156
A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder
prostate gland
157
Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
semen
158
An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream
hypercapnia
159
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
160
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract
smooth muscle
161
A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen
lactic acid
162
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
heart
163
Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones
ligaments
164
The knee cap
patella
165
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control
involuntary muscle
166
The complex arrangement of connected tubes that moves blood oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
circulatory system
167
The place where two bones come into contact
joint
168
The supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton
pelvic girdle
169
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange occurs
V/Q ratio
170
The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls active functions such as responding to fear
sympathetic nervous system
171
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
greater trochanter
172
The breast bone
sternum
173
A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
testicle
174
The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls vegetative functions such as digestion of food and relaxation
parasympathetic nervous system
175
The primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg that if fertilized, will develop into a fetus
ovaries
176
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
Dorsalis pedis artery
177
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
178
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
seminal vesicles
179
The heart muscle
cardiac muscle
180
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones
cartilage
181
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
xiphoid process
182
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold and pain from the body to the central nervous system
sensory nerves
183
A pearly white layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces of bones in synovial joints
Articular cartilage
184
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
small intestine
