Chapter 11 - Basic Principles of Pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
Absorption
A
The movement of drug from the site of input into the circulation
2
Q
Acetylation
A
A mechanism in which a drug is processed by enzymes
3
Q
Active Transport
A
The movement of molecules that occurs with energy input and can occur against concentration gradients
4
Q
Additive Effect
A
The combined effect of two drugs given at the same time that have similar effects
5
Q
Adrenergic
A
Having the characteristics of the sympathetic division of the ANS
6
Q
Adsorb
A
To gather or stick to a surface in condensed layer
7
Q
Adverse Effect (Reaction)
A
An unintentional, undesirable, and often unpredictable effect of a drug used at therapeutic doses to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease
8
Q
Affinity
A
The intensity or strength of the attraction between a drug and its receptor
9
Q
Agonist
A
A drug that causes a physiologic response in the receptor to which it binds
10
Q
Alkaloids
A
A group of plant-based substances containing nitrogen and found in nature
11
Q
Anaphylactic reaction
A
An unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance
12
Q
Antagonist
A
A drug that does not cause a physiologic response when it binds with a receptor
13
Q
Assay
A
A test of a substance to determine its components
14
Q
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
A
Division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates many involuntary processes
15
Q
Bioassay
A
A test that determines the effects of a substance on an organism and compares the result with some agreed standard
16
Q
Bioavailability
A
The sped with which and how much of a drug reaches its intended site of action
17
Q
Blood-Brain Barrier
A
A layer of tightly adhered cells that protect the brain and spinal cord from exposure to medications, toxins, and infectious particle
18
Q
Buccal
A
An administration route in which medication is placed in the mouth between the gum and the mucous membrane of the heel and absorbed into the bloodstream
19
Q
Caplet
A
A tablet with an oblong shape and a film-coated covering
20
Q
Capsule
A
Small gelatin shell in which a powdered or granule form of medication is placed; it is easy to swallow and the shell will not begin to break down until in the GI tract; popular because of a reduced adverse taste when swallowing
21
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
Brain and spinal cord
22
Q
Chemical Name
A
A precise description of a drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure
23
Q
Cholinergic
A
Having the characteristics of the parasympathetic division of the ANS
24
Q
Cross Tolerance
A
Decreasing responsiveness to the effects of a drug in a drug classification (such as narcotics) and the likelihood of development of decreased responsiveness to another drug in that classification
25
Cumulative Action
Increased intensity of drug action evident after administration of several doses
26
Delayed reaction
A delay between exposure and onset of action
27
Desired Action
The intended beneficial effect of a drug
28
Diffusion
The passive transport of solutes (small particles)
29
Distribution
The movement of drugs from the bloodstream to target organs
30
Dosage
Administration of a therapeutic agent in prescribed amounts
31
Dose
The exact amount of medication to be given or taken sat on time
32
Down Regulation
The process by which a cell decreases the number of receptors exposed to a given substance to reduce its sensitivity to that substance
33
Drug
Any substance (other than a food or device) intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, relief, treatment, or prevention of disease or intended to affect the structure or function of the body of human beings or animals
34
Drug Allergy
The reaction to a medication with an adverse outcome
35
Drug Dependence
A physical need or adaptation to the drug with or without the psychological need to take the drug
36
Drug-Food Interaction
Changes in a drug's effects caused by food or beverages ingested during the same period
37
Drug Interaction
The manner in which one drug and a second drug (or food) act on each other
38
Effector
The muscle, gland, or organ on which the ANS exerts an effect; target organ
39
Efficacy
The ability of a drug to produce a physiologic response after attaching to a receptor
40
Elimination
The process of removing a drug from the body
41
Elixir
A clear, oral solution that contains the drug, water, and some alcohol
42
Emulsion
A water and oil mixture containing medication
43
Endorphins
Neurotransmitters that function in the transmission of signals within the nervous system
44
Enteral
A drug given for its systemic effects that passes through the digestive tract
45
Enteric-Coated Tablets
Tablets that have a special coating so they break down in the intestines instead of the stomach
46
Excretion
Same as Elimination
47
Facilitated Transport
The transport of substances through a protein channel carrier with no energy input
48
First-Pass Effect
The breakdown of a drug in the liver and walls of the intestines before it reaches the systemic circulation
49
Formulary
A book that contains a list of medicinal substances with their formulas, uses, and methods of preparation
50
Ganglion
The junction between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerves
51
Gases
Substances inhaled and absorbed through the reparatory tract
52
Gastric
The route used when a tube is placed into the digestive tract, such as a nasogastic, orogastic or gastrostomy tube
53
Gel Cap
Soft gelatin shell filled with liquid medication
54
Generic Name
The name proposed by the first manufacturer when a drug is submitted to the FDA for approval; often an abbreviated form of the drug's chemical name, structure, or formula
55
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
56
Gycoside
A compound that yields a sugar and one or more other products when its parts are separated
57
Gum
Plant reside used for medicinal or recreational purposes
58
Half-Life
The time required to eliminate half of a substance from the body
59
Hypersensitivity
An altered reactivity to a medication that occurs after prior sensitization; response is independent of the dose
60
Iatrogenic Drug Response
An unintentional disease or drug effect produced by a physician's prescribed therapy
61
Idiosyncrasy
The unexpected and usually individual (genetic) adverse response to a drug
62
Inhalation
A route in which the medication is aerosolized and delivered directly to the lung tissue
63
Interference
The ability of one drug to limit the physiologic function of another drug
64
Intracardiac
The injection of a drug directly into the heart
65
Intradermal
Route of the infection of medication between the dermal layers of skin
66
Intralingual
Direct injection into the underside of the tongue with a small volume of medication
67
Intramuscular (IM)
An injection of medication directly into the muscle
68
Intranasal
The route that offers direct delivery of medications into the nasal passages and sinuses
69
Intraosseous
An administration route used in emergency situations when peripheral venous access is not established; a needle is passed through the cortex of the bone and the medication is infused into the capillary network within the bone matrix
70
Intrathecal
The direct deposition of medication into the spinal canal
71
Intravenous (IV)
Administration route offering instantaneous and nearly complete absorption through peripheral or central venous access
72
Investigational Drug
A drug not yet approved by the FDA
73
Local Effect
The effects of a drug at the site where the drug is applied or in the surrounding tissues
74
Mechanism of Action
The manner in which a drug works to produce its intended effect
75
Median lethal dose
The dose of a medication that kills 50% of the drug-tested population
76
Metabolism
The chemical modification of the original drug
77
Metabolites
The smaller molecules from the breakdown that occurs during metabolism
78
Nasogastric
The administration route used when a nasogastric tube is in place. This bypasses the voluntary swallowing reflex
79
Neuropeptide
A protein that may interact with a receptor after circulation through the blood
80
Neurotransmitters
A chemical released from one nerve that crosses the synaptic clef to reach a receptor
81
Nonproprietary Name
Generic name
82
Official Name
A drug's name as listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia
83
Oils
In medice, substances extracted from flowers, leaves, stems, roots, seeds, or bark for use in therapeutic treatments
84
Oral
A route of administration in which the medication is placed in the mouth and swallowed; the drug is absorbed through the GI tract
85
Orphan Drugs
Products developed for the diagnosis and/or treatment of rare diseases or conditions, such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis
86
Osmosis
The passive movement of water from a higher to a lower concentration
87
Parasympathetic Division
The division of the ANS responsible for the relaxed state of the body known as "feed and breed"
88
Parasympatholytics
Drugs that block or inhibit the function of the parasympathetic receptors
89
Parasympatomimetics
Drugs that mimic the parasympathetic division of the ANS
90
Parenteral
Administration route used for systemic effects and given by a route other that the digestive tract
91
Partial Agonist
A drug that when bound to a receptor may elicit a physiologic response, but it is less than that of an agonist; may also block the response of a competing agonist
92
Passive Transport
The ability of a substance to traverse a barrier without any energy input; generally occurs from a higher to lower concentration
93
Peripheral Nervous System
All the nerves outside the CNS
94
Pharmaceutics
The science of preparing and dispensing drugs
95
Pharmacogenetics
The study of inherited differences (variations) in drug metabolism and response
96
Pharmacokinetics
The process by which a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body
97
Pharmacology
The study of drugs, including their actions and effects on the host
98
Pharmacopoeia
A book describing drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations in a country or specific geographic area, including a description of the drug its formula, and dosage.
99
Pill
Dried powder forms of medication in the form of a small pellet; the term pill has been replaced with tablet and capsule
100
Placental Barrier
Many layers of cells that form between maternal and fetal circulation that protect the fetus from toxins
101
Plasma Level Profile
The measurement of blood level of medication versus the dodge administered
102
Polypharmacy
The concurrent use of several medications
103
Postganglionic Neuron
The nerve that travels from the ganglia to the desired organ or tissue
104
Potentiation
A prolongation or increase in the effect of a drug by another drug
105
Powder
Medication ground into a fine substance
106
Preganglionic Neuron
The nerve that extends from the spinal cord (CNS) to the ganglion
107
Prodrug
A substance that is inactive when it is given and is converted to an active form within the body
108
Receptor
A molecule, such as a protein, found inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance (such as hormones, antigens, drugs, or neurotransmitters) and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell
109
Rectal
The drug administration route for suppositories; the drug is placed into the rectum (colon) and is absorbed into the venous circulation
110
Second Messenger
A molecule that relays signals from a receptor on the surface of the cell to target molecules in the cell's nucleus or internal fluid where a physiologic action is to take place; also called a biochemical messenger
111
Side effect
An effect of a drug other than the one for which it was given; may or may not be harmful
112
Solubility
Pertaining to the ease with which a drug can dissolve
113
Solution
A medication dissolved in a liquid, often water
114
Somatic Nervous System
Division of the peripheral nervous system whose motor nerves control movement of voluntary muscles
115
Spirit
A medication that contains volatile aromatic substances
116
Steady State
An evenly distributed concentration of a drug in the plasma
117
Subcutaneous
Injection of medication in a liquid form underneath the skin into the subcutaneous tissue
118
Sublingual
Medication placed under the tongue
119
Summation
The combined effects of two or more drugs are equal to the sum of each of their effects
120
Suppository
Medications combined to make them solid at room temperature; when placed in a body opening such as the rectum, vagina or urethra, they dissolve because of the increase in body temperature an are absorbed through the surrounding mucosa
121
Suspension
Medication suspended in a liquid, such as an oral antibiotic
122
Sympathetic Division
The division of the ANS that prepares the body for stress or the classic fight-or-flight response
123
Sympatholytics
Drugs that block or inhibit adrenergic receptors
124
Sympathomimetics
Drugs that mimic the sympathetic division of the ANS
125
Synaptic Junction
The open space in which neurotransmitters traverse to reach a receptor
126
Synergism
The interaction of drugs such the that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects
127
Synthetic Drugs
Drugs chemically developed in a laboratory; also called manufactured drugs
128
Syrup
A medication dissolved in water with sugar or a sugar substitute to disguise taste
129
Systemic Effect
Drug action throughout the body
130
Tablets
Medications that have been pressed into a small form that is easy to swallow. They are a specific shape, color and may have engravings for identifications
131
Tachyphylaxis
The raptly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses; rapid cross tolerance
132
Teratogen
A drug or agent that is harmful to the development of an embryo or fetus
133
Therapeutic Dose
The dose required to produce an beneficial effect in 50% of the drug-tested population; also called effective dose
134
Therapeutic Threshold
The level of a drug that elicits a beneficial physiologic response
135
Tincture
A medicine consisting of an extract in an alcohol solution; examples include tincture of iodine, tincture of mercurochrome
136
Tolerance
Decreasing responsiveness to the effects of a drug; increasingly larger doses are necessary to achieve the effect originally obtained by a smaller dose
137
Topical
On the skin
138
Trade Name
The name given a chemical compound by the company that makes it; also called the brand name or proprietary name
139
Transdermal
Through the skin
140
Umbilical
An administration route that may be used on a newborn infant; because the umbilical cord was the primary source of nutrient and waste exchange, it provides an immediate source of drug exchange
141
Upregulation
The process by which a cell increases the number of receptors exposed to a given substance to improve its sensitivity to that substance
