Chapter 11 - Behavioral & Cognitive Behavioral Fam Therapies Flashcards
cognitions
thoughts
Cognitive-behavioral theory
notes cognitions such as irrational beliefs and overgeneralization are primary factors in causing maladaptive behaviors and psychological disorders
therapists work with their clients to challenge unproductive and detrimental beliefs and construct useful ones
Overall, behavioral and cognitive-behavioral theories provide interventions that disrupt homeostasis by changing old patterns of thinking and behavior
John B. Watson, Mary Cover Jones, and Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner
He argued convincingly that behavior problems can be dealt with directly, not simply as symptoms of underlying psychic conflict.
operant conditioning
people learn through REWARDS and PUNISHMENT to respond behaviorally to their environments in certain ways.
Patterson
credited as being the primary theorist who began the practice of applying behavioral theory to family problems in the 1960s.
BFT
based on the theoretical foundations of behavioral therapy especially classical and operant conditioning.
An assumption underlying this premise is that all behavior is learned and that people, including families, act according to how they have been previously reinforced. Behavior is maintained by its consequences and will continue unless more rewarding consequences result from new behaviors.
The primary concern of behaviorists is with changing present behavior, not with dealing with historical developments.
believes that not everyone in the family has to be treated for change to occur. Many behavioral family therapists work with only one member of a couple or family
assertiveness
asking for what one wants
desensitization
overcoming unnecessary and debilitating anxiety associated with a particular event
CBT
In the cognitive-behavioral approach, attention focuses on what family members are thinking, as well as on how they are feeling and behaving.
believe that it is important to gain insight into how cognitions influence a problem (Watts, 2001).
The premise behind cognitive-behavioral theory is that “the relationship-related cognitions individuals hold, shape how they think, feel, and behave in couple and family relationships”
Four styles of parenting
authoritative,
authoritarian,
permissive,
neglectful.
One style, authoritative, is more effective than the others. As a group, authoritative parents “use developmentally appropriate demands, maintain control of children when needed yet… are responsive, affectionate, and communicate effectively with their children”
Functional family therapy (FFT)
is a family-based, empirically supported treatment for behavioral problems, especially with adolescents
functional family therapists support that all behavior is ADAPTIVE and SERVES A FUNCTION. Behaviors represent an effort by the family to meet needs in personal and interpersonal relationships.
Ultimately, behaviors help family members achieve one of three interpersonal states
- Contact/closeness (merging). In the contact/closeness state, family members are drawn together (e.g., in their concern over the delinquent behavior of a juvenile).
- Distance/independence (separating). In separating, family members learn to stay away from each other for fear of fighting.
- A combination of states one and two (midpointing). In this situation, family members fluctuate in their emotional reactions to each other, so that individuals are both drawn toward and repelled from each other.
A three-stage process.
1. assessment—the focus is on the function that the behavioral sequences serve.
- change. The purpose is to help the family become more functional.
- maintenance—focuses on educating the family and training them in skills that will be useful in dealing with future difficulties.
behavioral treatment of sexual dysfunctions
four phases of sexual responsiveness:
- excitement
- plateau
- orgasm
- resolution
PLISSIT
with P signifying PERMISSION to talk about sexuality and sexual issues
LI signifying LIMITED INFORMATION (about the prevalence and etiology of problems)
SS signifying SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS:
IT signifying INTENSIVE THERAPY.
A major emphasis in CBFT
to teach families how to think for themselves and to think differently when it is helpful.
“behavioral component of CBFT focuses on several aspects of family members’ actions
1. excess negative interaction and deficits in pleasing behaviors exchanged by family members
- expressive and listening skills used in communication
- problem-solving skills
- negotiation and behavior change skills.” (Dattilio, 2001, p. 11)
A major emphasis in CBFT
teach families how to think for themselves and to think differently when it is helpful.
When schemata are modified, the “behavioral component of CBFT focuses on several aspects of family members’ actions. These include:
- excess negative interaction and deficits in pleasing behaviors exchanged by family members
- expressive and listening skills used in communication 3. problem solving skills
- negotiation and behavior change skills.” (Dattilio, 2001, p. 11)
4 BFT Interventions
- EDUCATION: families encouraged to attend lectures, read books together, view videos as a group,
- COMMUNICATION AND PROBLEM SOLVING: intended to help families develop mutually enhancing social exchanges. Instruction, modeling, and positive reinforcement.
- OPERANT CONDITIONING: The most common approach involves teaching parents to use shaping and time out procedures to increase the desirable behavior patterns in children
- CONTINGENCY CONTRACTING: Contracts build in rewards for behaving in a certain manner.
Specific Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Coaching Contingency contracting Extinction Positive reinforcement Quid pro quo Reciprocity Shaping Systematic desensitization Time-out Grounding Charting Premack principle Thought stopping Self-instructional training Modeling role-playing
Classical conditioning is the oldest form of behaviorism.
Specific Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Classical Conditioning COACHING Contingency contracting Extinction Positive reinforcement Quid pro quo Reciprocity Shaping Systematic desensitization Time-out Grounding Charting Premack principle Thought stopping Self-instructional training Modeling role-playing
therapist helps individuals, couples, and families make appropriate responses by giving them oral instructions.
Specific Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Classical Conditioning Coaching CONTIGENCY CONTRACTING Extinction Positive reinforcement Quid pro quo Reciprocity Shaping Systematic desensitization Time-out Grounding Charting Premack principle Thought stopping Self-instructional training Modeling role-playing
Where one action is contingent, or dependent, on another.
For example, a child and her parent may write up an agreement whereby the daughter will receive an allowance of $5 a week upon taking the garbage out every day after supper.
The way this type of contract is assessed is known as contingency management.
Specific Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Classical Conditioning Coaching Contingency Contracting EXTINCTION Positive reinforcement Quid pro quo Reciprocity Shaping Systematic desensitization Time-out Grounding Charting Premack principle Thought stopping Self-instructional training Modeling role-playing
Extinction is the process by which previous reinforcers of action are withdrawn so that behavior returns to its original level.
Specific Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Classical Conditioning Coaching Contingency Contracting Extinction POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT Quid pro quo Reciprocity Shaping Systematic desensitization Time-out Grounding Charting Premack principle Thought stopping Self-instructional training Modeling role-playing
A positive reinforcer is usually a material (e.g., food, money, or medals) or a social action (e.g., a smile or praise) that increases desired behaviors.
Specific Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Classical Conditioning Coaching Contingency Contracting Extinction Positive Reinforcement QUID PRO QUO Reciprocity Shaping Systematic desensitization Time-out Grounding Charting Premack principle Thought stopping Self-instructional training Modeling role-playing
marital contracts are often based on quid pro quo—that is, a spouse agrees to do something as long as the other spouse does something comparable.
Specific Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Classical Conditioning Coaching Contingency Contracting Extinction Positive Reinforcement Quid Pro Quo RECIPROCITY Shaping Systematic desensitization Time-out Grounding Charting Premack principle Thought stopping Self-instructional training Modeling role-playing
The concept of reciprocity involves “the likelihood that two people will rein force each other at approximately equitable rates over time” (Piercy & Sprenkle, 1986, p. 76). Many marital behavior therapists view marriage as based on this principle
Specific Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Classical Conditioning Coaching Contingency Contracting Extinction Positive Reinforcement Quid Pro Quo Reciprocity SHAPING Systematic desensitization Time-out Grounding Charting Premack principle Thought stopping Self-instructional training Modeling role-playing
The process of learning in small, gradual steps.
It is often referred to as successive approximation
