Chapter 11: Brain (Cardiovascular system)

Question 1

What is the Cerebral arterial Circle of Willis

Answer 1

Arterial supply of the Brain

Question 2

what artery serves the brain stem and cerebellum

Answer 2

Basilar artery

Question 3

it form the anterior and posterior blood supplies in the circle of willis

Answer 3

Carotid Arteries and Vertebral arteries

Question 4

pressure wave of blood (expansion and recoil of blood vessels that occurs with each heart beat)

Answer 4

Pulse

Question 5

known as ___________ because can compress to stop bleeding

where pulse is easily palpated for grade, force, regularity and rate

Answer 5

pressure point

Question 6

is the force of blood exerts against wall of blood vessels

determined by pumping action of the heart and size/diameter (lumen) of blood vessels

Answer 6

Blood Pressure

Question 7

pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

Answer 7

Systolic

Question 8

Systolic Normal Value

Answer 8

110- 120 mmHg

Question 9

Diastolic Normal Value

Answer 9

70 to 80 mmHg

Question 10

pressure when ventricles relax

Answer 10

Diastolic

Question 11

Tissue Perfusion

Answer 11

blood flow in tissue

Question 12

cause short term changes by activation of cardiovascular centre

Answer 12

Neural Mechanisms

Question 13

cause long term increase in blood volume and blood pressure

Answer 13

Endocrine Mechanisms

Question 14

Baroreceptors found in:

Answer 14

1. walls of carotid sinuses
2. Aortic sinuses
3. Right Atrium

Question 15

Baroreceptor reflexes are triggered in response to changes in blood pressure and involve:

Answer 15

1. vasomotor center
2. cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory enters

Response by these centres restore normal blood pressure

Question 16

Factors Affecting BP

Answer 16

1. Cardiac Output

2. Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

Question 17

Effect of TPR on
High Vasocontriction __________?
High Vasodilation _________?

Answer 17

increases BP

decrease BP

Question 18

Blood Volume on BP
low volume ________?
High volume ________?

Answer 18

decrease BP

increase BP

Question 19

Kidneys play a major role in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis by adjusting blood volume through

Answer 19

Urine Output

Question 20

Blood Viscosity effect on BP

• Thick _____?
• Thin ______?

Answer 20

increase BP

decrease BP

Question 21

Viscosity will change due to _______

Answer 21

RBC or hydration status

Question 22

rising from sitting to standing causes dizziness

Answer 22

Orthostatic Hypotension

Question 23

Low systolic (<100mmHg) and often associated with illness, poor nutrition, blood loss

Answer 23

Hypotension

Question 24

Normal response to fever, exercise, emotional upset

Can be dangerous if chronic - silent killer

Answer 24

Hypertension

Question 25

Substances exchange due to __________ - oxygen and nutrients leave the blood - carbon dioxide and other wastes leaves the cells

Answer 25

concentration gradients

Question 26

Substances take various routes entering or leaving the blood through:

Answer 26

1. Direct diffusion through membranes 2. Diffusion through intercellular clefts 3. Diffusion through pores of fenestrated capillaries 4. Transport via vesicles

Question 27

Fluid movement at capillary level depends on difference between two pressures:

Answer 27

1. Blood pressure force fluid and solutes out of capillaries 2. Osmotic pressure draws fluid into capillaries note: some fluid is moved into the lymph system

Question 28

Is fetal Circulation is temporary or permanent?

Answer 28

it is temporary only in the fetus

Question 29

Fetus receives exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes through the______

Answer 29

Placenta

Question 30

it is a vein that carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus

Answer 30

umbilical vein

Question 31

it carries carbon dioxide and debris laden blood from fetus to placenta

Answer 31

Umbilical arteries

Question 32

in Fetal circulation, oxygenated blood bypasses the _____

Answer 32

liver (Blood goes from the umbilical vein through the ductus venous and enters the inferior vena cava into the right atrium or heart (the blood in the IVC is deoxygenated, thus when the two blood mix, it is now moderately oxygenated)

Question 33

Changes in circulation at birth (with first breath) (a) the foramen ovale becomes __________, so blood now can only travel from the right atrium to the right ventricles (b) the ductus arterioles collapses and becomes the ___________, which helps anchor the aorta beside the pulmonary trunk

Answer 33

a. fossa ovalis | b. ligamentum arteriosum

Question 34

a simple "tube heart" develops in the embryo and pumps by week ____?

Answer 34

week 4

Question 35

the heart becomes a four chambered organ by the end of ______week

Answer 35

7 weeks

Question 36

this account for half of all infant death resulting congenital problems

Answer 36

congenital heart defects

Question 37

An aging heart

Answer 37

decreased size decreased contractile strength left ventricular wall thickens heart valves more stiff - murmurs

Question 38

Age related problems with the CV system include:

Answer 38

1. weakening of venous valves causing varicose veins 2. Progressive arteriosclerosis 3. Hypertension resulting from loss of elasticity of vessels 4. Coronary artery disease resulting from fatty, calcified deposits in the vessels