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Human Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

A closed system of the heart and blood vessels. Its function is to deliver oxygen, nutrients and hormones while removing carbon dioxide and other waste products

A

the Cardiovascular System

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2
Q

the location of the heart

A

Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum

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3
Q

size of the heart

A

size of your fist and weighs less than a pound

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4
Q

allows blood to circulate to the body

A

blood vessels

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5
Q

it is a covering that surrounds the heart, formed by parietal pericardium

A

pericardial sac

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6
Q

It is bounded by two serous membranes the Visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium. And contains 15-50 mL pericardial fluid

A

Pericardial cavity

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7
Q

It is a type of muscle tissue which is specialized intercellular connections, branching interconnections between cells, smaller cell size than skeletal muscle tissue

A

cardiac muscle tissue

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8
Q

it is a type of cell found only in the heart

A

cardiomyocytes

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9
Q

What are the three layers of the heart

A
  1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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10
Q

Serous membrane covering outer surface of heart. attached to myocardium

A

Epidcardium (visceral pericardium)

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11
Q

muscular wall of heart composed of connective layers of cardiac muscle tissue. Also contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Myocardium

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12
Q

simple squamous epithelium with underlying areolar tissue. Lines inner surface of heart including valves

A

endocardium

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13
Q

chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation - low pressure

A

Right ventricles

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14
Q

chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to systemic system - high pressure

A

Left ventricles

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15
Q

it separates the ventricles

A

inter ventricular septum

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16
Q

it separates the atria

A

intreratrial septum

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17
Q

what are the four valves of the heart

A

2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves and 2 semilunar valves

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18
Q

a heart valve found between the atria and ventricles. It allow flow into ventricles -closure of these valves make the 1st heart sound (lub)

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

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19
Q

what are the 2 atrioventricular (AV) valves

A
  1. bicuspid or mintral valve (left)

2. tricuspid valve (right)

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20
Q

a heart valve that controls flow of blood out or right and left ventricles. closure of these valves cause the 2nd heart sound (dub)

A

Semilunar valves

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21
Q

what are the 2 Semilunar valves

A
  1. pulmonary valve (right)

2. aortic valve (left)

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22
Q

blood rushing through heart, or heart muscle contracting

A

produced by heart valves closing

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23
Q

sound produced as AV valve close. marks starts of ventricular contraction.

A

“lubb”

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24
Q

second sound occurs when semilunar valves closes.

A

“dupp”

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25
third and fourth sounds from blood flowing into ventricles (S3) and atrial contraction (S4) are usually very ________________.
faint and not heard in health adult.
26
it is the hearts pacemaker
Sinoatrial (SA) node
27
is the junction of the atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) node
28
it spreads within the ventricle wall muscles
Purkinje fibers
29
Normal Heart rate range
60 - 100 bpm
30
a recording of electrical activity of heart using electrodes on surface of body.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
31
heart rate over 100 beats per minute
Tachycardia
32
heart rate less than 60 beats per minute
Bradycardia
33
Its is the sequence of events that occurs during a heartbeat - a coordinated contraction and relaxation of chambers of heart
Cardiac Cycle
34
two basic phases of cardiac cycle
1. contraction (systole) - blood pushed into adjacent chamber or arterial trunk 2. relaxation (diastole) - chamber fills the blood
35
Average HR is
70 - 75 beats per minute
36
the amount of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
Preload
37
refers to resistance or opposition
after load
38
if pulmonary artery is narrowed then right ventricle needs to work hard to pump blood into pulmonary artery leading to heart sided failure called
Cor Pulmonale
39
Afterload can be altered by drugs? T or F
True
40
Percentage of blood pumped is called
Ejection fraction
41
Stroke volume can be change by two ways
1. Startling's Law | 2. inotropic Effect
42
states that the greater the volume of blood entering the heart during diastole (end-diastolic volume), the greater the volume of blood ejected during systolic contraction (stroke volume)
Starling's Law of Heart
43
Second way of increasing Stroke Volume is to strengthen the force of contraction without stretching the heart fibres. done by stimulating sympathetic nerves with hormones and drugs
Inotropic Effect
44
the amount of blood pumped by left ventricles in one minute. depends on heart rate & stroke volume.
cardiac output
45
Body can adjust cardiac output to meet needs. Heart rate can increase by 250% and SV can double is called
Cardiac output adjustment
46
it carries blood away from the heart
arteries and arterioles
47
exchanges between tissues and blood
capillary beds
48
returns blood towards the heart
venules and veins
49
It transport blood to the tissues and back
the Vascular system
50
it carries blood to and from lungs
pulmonary circuit
51
transport blood to and from rest of body
systemic circuit
52
blood leaves the heart in arteries
efferent vessels
53
blood returns to heart in veins
afferent vessels
54
thin walls allows exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products. only blood vessels to allow between blood and interstitial fluid
capillaries
55
mechanisms to maintain flow in veins against gravity
1. valves 2. contraction of skeletal muscles 3. respiratory pump
56
systemic viens contains ____% of total blood volume
64%
57
What are the arteries in the body
1. Elastic arteries 2. Muscular arteries 3. Arterioles
58
large vessels transporting blood away from heart include pulmonary trunk, aorta, and branches. it is capable of stretching and recoiling
elastic arteries
59
medium-sized arteries. it distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs
muscular arteries
60
Capillaries thin walls allow for easy ________
diffusion
61
Capillaries pores allow exchange of ____ & _____
water and solutes
62
It is a circulatory circuit that carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricles to lungs, returns oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Pulmonary Circuit
63
It is a circulatory circuit that transport oxygenated blood to all organs and tissues. returns deoxygenated blood to right atrium
Systemic Circuit
64
it is the largest artery in the body.
Aorta
65
branches of aorta
1. ascending aorta 2. aortic arch 3. descending aorta
66
in thoracic cavity, these artery supplying brain and spinal cord branches off the subclavian artery
Vertebral artery
67
the vertebral artery after passing superior border of first rib, subclavian, becomes:
Axillary artery
68
When axillary artery enters the arms, its called the
Brachial Artery
69
In the forearm, the brachial artery branches into
1. Radial Artery | 2. Ulnar Artery
70
Radial and ulnar arteries fuse to form arteries supplying the _____
hand
71
common _________ arteries supply blood to face, neck, and brain
carotid
72
carotid sinus at base of carotid artery contains ____________ detecting blood pressure
baroreceptors
73
vertebral arteries fuse to form ________ artery at ventral surface of medulla oblongata
Basilar Artery
74
Descending Aorta is divided by diaphragm into __________ & ____________
1. Thoracic Aorta | 2. Abdominal Aorta
75
Supplying liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, spleen, and pancreas
Celiac Trunk
76
Supplying pancreas, duodenum, small and large intestines
Superior mesenteric artery
77
Supplying terminal portions of colon and rectum
Inferior mesenteric artery
78
abdominal aorta splits into right and left common _________ arteries supplying pelvic organs, medial thigh
iliac arteries
79
As it enters lower limb, iliac artery becomes _________ artery supplying anterior and lateral skin and deep muscles of thigh
femoral artery
80
femoral artery becomes _________ artery posterior to knee joint
popliteal artery
81
popliteal artery branching into _________ & _______ arteries. These arteries feed the lower legs and branch into smaller arteries feeding the feet.
posterior and anterior tibial arteries
82
two sets of peripheral veins
1. one deep | 2. one superficial
83
hot weather, venous blood in superficial veins to allow __________. cold weather, venous blood in deep veins minimizes __________.
heat loss
84
Blood drains from thorax into _____________
superior vena cava
85
Blood from areas inferior to diaphragm drains into ___________
inferior vena cava
86
Veins of the neck draining into the superior vena cava include: ______ & _________
1. jugular vein - from structures of head and neck | 2. vertebral vein - from cervical spinal cord, posterior surface of skull
87
from veins in the fingers, blood drains into: _______ & ________
1. ulnar vein 2. radial vein which drain into: cephalic, brachial & basilica vien
88
ulnar and radial vein merge to form ____
brachial vein
89
brachial and basilic vein merge to form _____
axillary vein
90
axillary vein merges with cephalic to form ______
subclavian vein
91
subclavian veins merge with jugular veins to form ______
brachiocephalic vein
92
right and left brachiocephalic veins merge to form _______
superior vena cava
93
is formed by veins draining the digestive organs, which empty into the hepatic portal vein (digestive organs, spleen, pancreas)
hepatic portal circulation
94
Hepatic portal vein carries this blood to the _______, where it is processed before returning to systemic circulation via the inferior vena cava
liver
95
Hepatic portal vein formed by fusion of:
1. superior mesenteric vein 2. inferior mesenteric vein 3. splenic vein
96
Lower Limb Blood Drainage
Anterior portion of lower limb drain into the tibial, fibular, popliteal and small saphenous veins >>these merge into femoral vein also drains anterior thigh Great Saphenous vein drains posterior thigh -joins femoral vein at pelvic girdle Femora vein becomes iliac vein in pelvic cavity
97
Veins Draining into the Inferior Vena Cava
Lumbar vein drain spinal cord and muscles of body wall Gonadal veins - ovarian veins drain ovaries - testicular veins drain testes Hepatic vein drain sinusoids (channel) of liver Renal Vein collect blood from kidney Adrenal vein drain adrenal glands

Human Anatomy & Physiology II (11 decks)

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