Chapter 12: Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
Regulates aspects of homeostasis
A
🔹blood vol / blood pressure 🔹electrolytes 🔹acid-base balance in blood 🔹red blood cell production (EPO) 🔹activation of vit.D
2
Q
Elimination of waste products
A
🔹nitrogenous wastes
🔹Toxins
🔹Drugs
3
Q
Roles of elimination of wastes?
A
🔘lungs (C02/H20)
🔘sweat glands (N2, H20, electrolytes)
🔘digestive system ( bile, minerals)
🔘kidney (have most responsibility)
4
Q
Organs of the Urinary System
A
🔘kidneys
🔘ureters
🔘urinary bladder
🔘urethra
5
Q
kidney located against the dorsal body wall
A
Retroperitonial
6
Q
Kidney at the level of the
A
🔘T12 to L3 vertebrates
7
Q
Kidney anchored to surrounding structures by ___________
Right kidney slightly lower than left due to __________
A
🔘 renal fascia
🔘 liver
8
Q
In the middle of each kidney is a indentation called:
A
🔘 renal hilum
👁🗨at site of HILUM (the ureters, renalblood vessels & nerves (parasympathetic) enters and exit the kidney
9
Q
Atop each kidney are the:
A
Adrenal Glands
10
Q
Coverings of the kidneys:
A
1️⃣fibrous capsule - surrounds each kidney
2️⃣perirenal fat capsule - surrounds the kidney and cushions against blows
3️⃣renal fascia - outermost capsule that helps hold the kidney and adrenal gland in place against the muscles of the trunk wall
11
Q
Regions of the kidneys:
A
- Renal Cortex 🔹outermost region
- Renal Medulla 🔹deep to the cortex
🔘renal (medullary) pyramids
🔘 renal columns - extensions of cortex-like materials that separate the pyramid - Renal Pelvis 🔹 inner flat, funnel shape
🔘Calyces - cup-shaped structures towards the renal pelvis
12
Q
____________ of Total blood supply of the body passes through the kidneys each minute
A
One-quarter (1/4)
13
Q
Renal artery provide each kidney with _______ blood supply
A
Arterial
14
Q
Blood Flow in the Kidneys:
A
Aorta➡️renal artery➡️segmental artery➡️interlobar artery➡️arcuate artery➡️cortical radiate artery➡️afferent arteriole⤵️
Glomerulus ⤵️
Efferent arteriole ➡️peritubular capillaries➡️cortical radiate vein➡️Arcuate vein➡️Interlobar vein➡️Renal vein➡️Inferior vena cava
15
Q
Each kidney contains ________ of nephron. (Cannot be replaced when damaged)
A
Millions
16
Q
____________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys. Responsible for forming the urine.
Consists of a glomerulus and glomerular capsule
A
Nephrons
17
Q
Main structures of the nephrons:
A
- Renal corpuscles (glomerulus + bowman’s capsule)
2. Renal tubules
18
Q
Renal tubules extends from _______ _______ and ends when it empties into the ________ _____
A
🔘 glomerular capsule
🔘 collecting ducts
19
Q
The subdivision of the renal tubules are:
A
- Proximal convoluted tubele (PCT)
- Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
- Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
20
Q
Circulation to a Nephron:
A
Start: afferent ➡️ efferent ➡️ peritubular capillaries
21
Q
Juxtamedullary Nephron are:
A
🔘 Proximal Convoluted Tubule
🔘 glomerulus
🔘 distal Convoluted Tubule
22
Q
Nephron is composed of:
A
- Renal Corpuscle
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule
- Nephron Loop
- Distal Convoluted Tubule
23
Q
_________ is a specialized capillary bed which is fed by arterioles from renal artery 🔜sits within Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule
Keeps the blood at high pressure to force fluids/so lures (smaller than proteins) out of blood into the glomerulus.
A
Glomerulos
24
Q
🔘arise from the efferent arteriolar of the glomerulus
🔘normal, low-pressure, porous capillaries
🔘adapted for absorption instead of filtration
🔘cling close to the renal tubule to reabsorb (reclaim) some substances from collecting tubes
A
Peritubular capillary beds
25
```
🔘. Collects filtrate from the glomerulus
🔘 consists of a continuous tube:
1. Bowmans capsule
2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
3. Loop of Henle
4. Distal Convoluted Tubule
5. Collecting Tubule
```
Renal Tubules
26
Not part of Nephron!
Collecting System
27
Carries tubular fluid through renal Medulla towards renal pelvis and ureters
Collecting duct
28
Types of Nephrons
1. Cortical Nephron - 85%
| 2. Juxtamedullary nephrons - 15%
29
Located entirely in the cortex
Cortical Nephron
30
🔘Found at the boundary of the cortex and Medulla
🔘long Nephron loops extending deep into renal Medulla
🔘most important: essential for conserving water (regulating water balance) and concentrating urine
Juxtamedullary Nephron
31
Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through the capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule into the renal Tubule.
*protein and blood cells are normally too large to pass through the Filtration membrane
Glomerular Filtration
32
Water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ion are transported out of the filtrate into the Tubule cells and then enter the capillary blood
Tubular Reabsorption
33
Creating, and drugs are removed from peritubular blood and secreted by the tubule cells into the filtrate
Tubular Secretion
34
Each kidney has about ____ million Nephron
1.25
35
Both cortical and juxtamedullary Nephrons inner acted by:
Renal Nerves
36
Most Renal nerve fibres are sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves?
Sympathetic nerves
🔘 adjust blood flow and blood pressure at glomeruli
🔘 stimulates release of Renin
37
Urine Formation occurs through 3 steps:
1. Glomerular Filtration
2. Tubular Reabsorption
3. Tubular Secretion
38
Urinary system maintains homeostasis by regulating:
🔘Volume and composition of blood
🔘also excrete solutes, especially nitrogenous wastes:
✔️urea
✔️creatinine
✔️ Uric acid
39
Produced by the liver as an end product of protein breakdown (amino acid catabolism).
50% reabsorb but remainder is excreted in urine.
Urea
40
Low level of urea indicate:
🔘 malnutrition (inadequate protein in the diet)
🔘 kidney dysfunction
41
High level of urea indicate:
🔘 excessive protein intake
🔘 increased protein breakdown in the body
42
Produced from the breakdown of the body's cells and food (DNA, RNA)
Completely reabsorbed. About 10% of the reabsorbed ends up in urine bcoz it is so created in the renal tubules
Uric Acid
43
🔘 Breakdown product of creatine, w/c is an important part of muscle energy supplies
Creatinine
✔️kidneys maintain the blood creatinine in a normal range
44
Three (3) processes in Urine Formation
1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
45
In the Renal corpuscle, Filtration produces ______L/day of filtrate
180 L/day
🔘BV is 5L
46
If arterial blood pressure is __________, filtrate formation stops because glomerular pressure will be too low to form filtrate
too low
47
Allows most of the glomerular filtrate to move from tubules 🔜 peritubular capillaries 🔜 back into circulation
Tubular Reabsorption
48
Useful substances reabsorbed:
✔️water
✔️glucose
✔️amino acids
✔️ions
49
Most Reabsorption occurs in the _____
⚪️some Reabsorption is passive, most is active
PCT
50
Part of kidney where microvilli is present and highly infolded plasma membrane
PCT
51
✔️Most Reabsorption occurs here, retrieving:
⚪️60-70% water (108-116L/day)
⚪️ 99-100% organic substrates
⚪️ 60-70% sodium and chloride ions
✔️nitrogenous products are poorly reabsorbed
PCT
52
⚪️ reabsorbs 25% water (45L/day)
⚪️ reabsorbs 20-25% sodium and chloride ions
🔘creates concentration gradient in renal Medulla
Nephron Loop
53
🔃Reabsorbs variable amt. of sodium ions -influenced by aldosterone
🔃Reabsorbs variable amount of water -influenced by ADH
⚪️usually 5% (9L/day)
DCT
54
🔃 Reabsorbs variable amounts of water - influenced by ADH
⚪️ Usually 9% (16.8L/day)
🔃 Reabsorbs variable amounts of sodium ions - influenced by aldosterone
Collecting System
55
It increases production of urine
These drugs block resorption of Na back into the Renal Tubules (blood circulation) - if Na+ blocked then H20 will not follow
Diuretics
56
Some materials move from PCT into the Renals Tubules such as:
✔️ hydrogen and potassium ion
✔️ creatinine
57
Reabsorption in reverse is important process for getting rid of substances not already in filtrate such as:
✔️ Drugs
✔️ excess ions
✔️maintaining acid-base balance
58
BP has drastic effect on Filtration:
Normal BP: normal Filtration will take place
Low BP: (ex. shock) pressure differential is not great enough to cause Filtration 🔜 results in low urine production
59
___________ complex will releases renin when glomerular blood pressure falls
Juxtaglomerular
60
________ __________ is your glomerulus and Bowmans capsule. 1st step of urine production.
Renal Corpuscle
61
Renal Tubules is close to PCT
| Further to DCT
Renal Tubules
62
Resp. Of filtering blood
Provide ATP
Peritubular capillaries
63
When ⬇️BV and ⬇️ SV causes
Dehydration
64
Untreated ⬆️BP
Urine has protein
65
High blood glucose can damage the:
Nephron
66
Infection can scar ________; Nephron gets destroyed eventually
Glomerulus
67
⬆️BP , ⬆️Filtration
Why pee when you have to take test
68
3L of Plasma gets pass thru filtrate 60x a day.
Filters 180L/day and reabsorbs 170L/day
Thus: urine is 1.5 L/days
69
Chronic, very dilute urine with low specific gravity indicates
Diabetes insipidus
70
Blood leaving an afferent arteriolar would enter _____?
Glomerulus
71
Indicate the correct order in w/c the filtrate flows thru the ff-ing structures of the nephron.
Glomerular capsule ➡️ PCT ➡️ Loop of Henle ➡️ DCT ➡️ collecting duct
72
_______ is the congenital condition in which the urethr opens on the ventral side of the penis.
Hypospadias
73
It regulates blood pressure
Renin
74
Renal blood vessels
Abdominal aorta ➡️ renal arteries ➡️ interlobar arteries ➡️ arcuate arteries ➡️ interlobular arteries ➡️ afferent arterioles ➡️ nephron
75
What are the 2 layers of the glomerular capsule?
Visceral and parietal layer
Podocytes are located in the visceral
76
Collecting duct empties into a _____
Minor calyx
77
Blood supply of a Nephron:
Blood ➡️ accede the arteriole ➡️ glomerulus ➡️ efferent arterioles ➡️ peritubular capillaries
78
Location of peritubular capillary system?
Located around the renal tubules
79
_______ are capillary loops that are closely associated with juxtamedullary nephrons.
It's countercurrent mechanism helps maintain the NaCl concentration in the medulla
Vasa Recta
80
Blood leaves the peritubular capillary system through the _______
venous system of the kidney
81
The 3 processes involved in urine formation are:
1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
82
In glomerular filtration _____ is filtered
Blood plasma
83
The main force that moves substances through the glomerular capillary wall is the _______ of the blood inside.
Hydrostatic pressure
84
The factors that affect glomerular filtration are :
1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
2. Glomerular plasma osmotic pressure
3. Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule
85
Normally the most factor influencing net filtration pressure and GFR is____
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
86
If the afferent arteriolar constricts, net filtration pressure ⬇️ decreases and filtration rate ⬇️ drops
If the efferent arteriolar constricts, net filtration pressure ⬆️ increases and the filtration rate ⬆️ rises
87
Factors that can change hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule are ______ in the glomerular capsule.
Obstruction
88
If hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule becomes too high, net filtration pressure will ______
⬇️ decrease
89
Renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in response to stimulation from ______ and ______
sympathetic nerves and pressure-sensitive cells
Renal baroreceptor detect pressure
90
The effects of angiotensin II are:
1. Vasoconstriction
2. ⬆️ increased aldosterone secretion
3. ⬆️ increased ADH secretion
4. ⬆️ increased thirst
91
Active tubular reabsorption requires___
ATP
92
The _______ in the PCT function to greatly ⬆️ increase the surface area exposed to the glomerular filtrate and enhanced reabsorption.
Microvilli
93
If the glucose concentration reaches a point where active transport can no longer handle it. It is said to have reached its ____ _____
Renal plasma threshold
94
_____is an ⬆️ increase in urine volume
Diuresis
95
______ ______is when non reabsorbed Glo use in the tubular fluid draws water into the renal tubules by osmosis, thus increasing urine volume
Osmotic diuresis
96
Much of the Na reabsorption occurs in proximal segment of the renal tubule by active transport
When Na ions move thru the tubular wall, (-) negatively charged ions move with them
97
About _____% of water and Na may be reabsorbed before urine is excreted.
70%
98
Two hormones that affect sodium and water reabsorption are:
1. ADH
| 2. Aldosterone
99
Urine forms as a result of :
Glomerular filtration of materials from blood plasma
Reabsorption of substances
Secretion of substances
100
Chloride ions are reabsorb in the ____ limb and sodium ions follow the chloride ions
Ascending
101
Tubular fluid in the ascending limb becomes _________ as it loses water and gain NaCl
Hypotonic
102
Water leaves the descending limb by _______ and NaCl enters the descending limb by _______.
Osmosis
Diffusion
103
______ is normally composed of water, urea, Uric acid, creatinine, trace amounts of aa and various electrolytes
Urine
104
The trigone of the bladder consists of the:
Opening of the urethra
two openings of the ureters
105
The muscles that contract during micturition are the ____
1. Detrusor muscle
2. abdominal wall muscles
3. pelvic floor muscles
4. diaphragm
106
Micturition is usually under ________ control bcoz the external urethral sphincter is under ______ control.
Voluntary
107
The micturition reflex is located in the _____ of the spinal cord
Sacral portion
108
Common reason for incontinence are __________ in the bladder, urethra, and ureters and the atrophy of bladder sphincters.
In males, enlarged prostate may lead to incontinence.
Loss of muscle tone
109
__________ catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Angiotensin converting enzyme
110
Albumin is a protein w/c is not filtered through the glomerulus and therefore cannot cross its capillaries
....
111
Name the vessels the blood passes through as it travels from renal artery to the renal vein
Renal artery ➡️ interlobar arteries ➡️ arciform (arcuate) arteries ➡️ afferent arterioles ➡️ efferent arterioles ➡️ peritubular capillaries ➡️ interlobar veins ➡️ arciform (arcuate) veins ➡️ interlobar veins ➡️ renal veins
112
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be controlled by the ____
Renin-angiotensin system, which controls sodium excretion,
113
Micturition reflex involves the contraction of the ______ muscle and relaxation of the _____ _____ sphincter.
Bladder signal the micturition reflex center in the spinal cord to send a motor impulse along the parasympathetic nerves to the detrusor muscle
Detrusor muscle
External urethral sphincter
114
The target of angiotensin II are blood vessels and _________
Adrenal cortex
✔️Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
115
Where does ADH have its greatest effect?
DCT
116
Most small proteins are reabsorbed by____
Pinocytosis
117
__________ _____ sense changes in blood pressure and act with the sympathetic nervous system to cause juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin when pressure drops
Renal baroreceptors
