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Genetics > Chapter 11: Chromosome Structure and Organelle DNA > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Chromosome Structure and Organelle DNA Flashcards

1
Q

The endosymbiotic theory included what two organelles? What is unique about these two organelles?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts
Each have circular DNA and their own set of DNA

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2
Q

True or False: The centromere can be found in different locations of the chromosome?

A

True

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3
Q

What are the 4 locations a centromere can be found on a chromosome? Provide a rough description of their location.

A
  • Metacentric: dead center of the chromosome
  • Sub-metacentric: a bit above the center of the chromosome
  • Acrocentric: above the sub-metacentric location
  • Telocentric: at the tip of the chromosome (telomeres)
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4
Q

What letters can be used to represent the short arm and long arm of the chromosome?

A

p = short arm
q = long arm

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5
Q

What component of the chromosome is the primary cause of aging?

A

telomere decay or degradation

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6
Q

What is a disc-shaped protein structure located on the centromere which helps spindle fibers attach and pull chromosomes apart?

A

Kinetochore

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7
Q

Which kind of supercoiling occurs when DNA is under-rotated and the helix twists on itself in the opposite direction?

A

negative supercoiling

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8
Q

What kind of supercoiling occurs when DNA is over-rotated and the helix twists on itself?

A

positive supercoiling

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9
Q

Most DNA is _______ supercoiled, which facilitates DNA unwinding during replication and transcription.

A

negatively (-ve)

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10
Q

Relaxed circular DNA can be compared to a telephone cord; explain why this is.

A

DNA is in the form of a double helix, so as the DNA is wound in a circle, the double helix is coiled itself in a spiral.

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11
Q

Since bacteria do not have a well-defined nucleus, they instead have a clump of chromosomes called a ______.

A

nucleolid

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12
Q

Bacterial DNA does have proteins packed into twisted loops, but what kind of specific proteins do bacterial DNA NOT have?

A

histone proteins

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13
Q

True or False: Bacterial cells have more DNA in them than eukaryotic cells.

A

False; Eukaryotic cells have LOADS more DNA than bacterial cells due to extensive packaging and folding.

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14
Q

What are the specific packaging proteins for eukaryotic DNA?

A

histones

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15
Q

What is the largest cell in the world?

A

an ostrich egg

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16
Q

What kind of chromatin is located in the chromosome arms?

A

euchromatin

17
Q

What kind of chromatin is located in the centromere, telomeres and other specific places?

A

heterochromatin

18
Q

Euchromatin or Heterochromatin: Which has many genes and which has few genes?

A
  • euchromatin: many genes
  • heterochromatin: few genes
19
Q

Euchromatin or Heterochromatin: Which one does transcription take place the most?

A

euchromatin

20
Q

Euchromatin or Heterochromatin: Which one does not code for genes?

A

heterochromatin

21
Q

What is the simplest form of chromatin?

A

double-stranded helical structure of DNA

22
Q

In the formation of chromosomes, DNA and histones are complexed to form ________.

A

nucleosomes

23
Q

Each nucleosome consists of how many histone proteins? How many times does DNA wrap around this complex?

A

8 histones
1.65 times

24
Q

Which histone acts as a “clip” for the wrapped DNA in a nucleosome?

A

Histone H1

25
Q

Nucleosomes fold up to produce a 30-nm ____.

A

fiber

26
Q

During the formation of chromosomes, once the 30-nm fiber is created, 300-nm ___ are created, and then they condense even farther to produce a 250-nm wide ____.

A

loops, fiber

27
Q

During the formation of chromosomes, what happens once a 250-nm wide fiber is created?

A

The fiber is further condensed into chromosomes.

28
Q

What enzyme breaks the Linker DNA between nucleosomes?

A

nuclease

29
Q

What is the charge of histone proteins, and why?

A

positively charged, high percentage of positive valence electrons of amino acids.

30
Q

What would happen if the charge of histones was neutralized?

A

They wouldn’t be able to bond as tightly to the DNA

31
Q

What are the five types of histones? Which are duplicated?

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4
duplicated: H2A, H2B, H3, H4

32
Q

Centromeres help control the cell cycle by doing what?

A

Causing DNA without centromeres to be lost

33
Q

What is the separation of two strands of DNA by heat?

A

denaturation

34
Q

Which strand of DNA would have a higher melting point? G-C bonds or A-T bonds?

A

G-C bonds

35
Q

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  • mitochondria & chloroplasts are similar in size to bacteria with their own DNA
  • antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria also inhibit protein synthesis in mitochondria & chloroplasts
  • gene sequences in mtDNA and cpDNA are most similar to bacterial DNA sequences
36
Q

How is mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) inherited in offspring?

A

The mother’s mitochondrial DNA is what is inherited

Genetics (7 decks)

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