Chapter 11 Lecture

Question 1

Why should we think improving perpetual motor skills would alter cognitive skills?

Answer 1

coactivation of prefrontal cortex and contralateral neocerebellum

Question 2

Dopamine effects:

Answer 2

motor and cognitive functions

Question 3

Perception develops ____ ___ movements skills.

Answer 3

ahead of

Question 4

Movement skills are acquired with guidance from _____ ______.

Answer 4

perceptual information

Question 5

New actions make new information (_____) available.

Answer 5

perceptions

Question 6

Exercise stimulates ____ ____ that stimulates _____ and ____.

Answer 6

• brain activity
• learning
• memory

Question 7

Held and Hein (1963) study:

Answer 7

• placed kittens in a merry-go-round, gondola, other able to walk
• both had equivalent sensations but only one was able to move
• motor skill development in the passive kitten was hindered

Question 8

Bertenthal, Campos, & Barrett (1984); Kermoian & Campos (1988) study:

Answer 8

• locomotor experience was provided to pre-walkers by baby walkers
• locomotor experience, rather than age, was associated with response to heights
• perception of spatial relationships was enhanced by locomotr experience

Question 9

Association between the extent of self-produced locomotion and:

Answer 9

• visual perception, especially spatial
• motor development
• folk physics

Question 10

Ecological view: it is the ____ that is perceived.

Answer 10

affordance

Question 11

Object permanence:

Answer 11

knowing an object still exists even though you can’t see it anymore

Question 12

At about ____ age it seems kids can act on their ability to get the object.

Answer 12

8 or 9

Question 13

At ____ months if both the action and the object are hidden they can’t figure out where the object is.

Answer 13

18

Question 14

At ___ months old object permanence seems to be there but they can’t act on it.

Answer 14

8-9

Question 15

Clear by ___ months that object permanence is definitely solid by this point.

Answer 15

18

Question 16

Ecological view: it is the _____ that is perceived.

Answer 16

affordance

Question 17

Affordance involve…

Answer 17

what the environment permits given the capabilities of the performer

Question 18

Perception of affordances, according to the ecological view, says they are perceived _____,

Answer 18

• directly

- without cognitive analysis of object characteristics

Question 19

Describe perceiving affordances: visual guidance of stair climbing:

Answer 19

• would they pick stairs that depend on their leg length

- kids wouldn’t try the big ones

Question 20

Affordances incorporate _____ ____.

Answer 20

body scale

Question 21

Body scale:

Answer 21

• an individual’s size relative to the environment

- changes over the life span

Question 22

Deprivation of movement can put individuals at risk of…

Answer 22

deficits in perceptual development

Question 23

Movement experience might influence survival of ____ _____ in early development.

Answer 23

synaptic connections

Question 24

Synesthesia:

Answer 24

senses combine due to a deficit in pruning neurons in development

Question 25

Sensory reafference:

Answer 25

what sensory feedback is due to my movement and what sensory feedback is due to something happening to me

Question 26

What challenges might infants with temporary or permanent motor impairments face in learning affordances?

Answer 26

can't be passive (ex. passive kitten in gondola) because will end up with deficits

Question 27

Posture and balance is a part of ____-_____ _____.

Answer 27

perception-action ecosystem

Question 28

Posture and balance involves _____, _____, and _____ input from _____ and ____ receptors.

Answer 28

- visual - auditory - kinesthetic - proprioceptive - vestibular

Question 29

Posture and balance are maintained in various situations including:

Answer 29

- stationary and moving | - on various body parts and surfaces

Question 30

For children, ____ information is far more important than ______ information when maintaining balance.

Answer 30

- visual - mechanical - the moving room experiment

Question 31

Posture and balance are specific to _____ and ____ constraints.

Answer 31

- environmental | - task

Question 32

For balance during locomotion, we use ____ for reference:

Answer 32

- frames - supporting surface - gravity

Question 33

How do we detect gravity?

Answer 33

inner ears, part of vestibular system

Question 34

The challenge with balancing during locomotion is to ...

Answer 34

control many degrees of movement at the various body joints

Question 35

We stabilize our head on our ____.

Answer 35

trunks

Question 36

We stabilize head ____ in space.

Answer 36

position

Question 37

Assaiante model identifies 4 time periods:

Answer 37

1. birth to standing 2. standing to 6 years 3. age 7 years through adolescence 4. adulthood

Question 38

Assaiante model: birth to standing:

Answer 38

cephalocaudal direction of muscle control

Question 39

Assaiante model: standing to 6 years:

Answer 39

coordination of upper and lower body

Question 40

Assaiante model: age 7 years through adolescence:

Answer 40

refinement of head stabilization

Question 41

Assaiante model: adulthood:

Answer 41

refined control of degrees of freedom in the neck

Question 42

Younger adults on a moveable platform use ____ muscles to regain balance after small, slow _____.

Answer 42

- ankle | - pertubations

Question 43

Ankle strategy:

Answer 43

- muscles recruited distal to proximal | - head strategy: fixed relative to hip/trunk

Question 44

Younger adults use a ____ strategy to regain balance after larger, faster pertubations.

Answer 44

hip

Question 45

Hip strategy:

Answer 45

- muscles recruited proximal to distal - common for unstable surfaces - head strategy: not with hip/trunk, fixed relative to gravity

Question 46

Balance changes with aging: older adults:

Answer 46

- take longer to initiate a response to pertubation | - sometimes use the opposite pattern of younger adults

Question 47

System changes contributing to balance difficulty in older adults:

Answer 47

- changes in sensory receptors - loss of strength - arthritic conditions in joints - slower nerve conduction speed

Question 48

All system changes that contribute to balance difficulty in older adults can be ____, meaning...

Answer 48

- trained | - lots of training exercises can reduce the risk of falls

Question 49

____ training is most effective as opposed to even ____ training to reduce the risk of falls.

Answer 49

- strength | - balance

Question 50

Balance improves with _____ in responding to pertubations.

Answer 50

practice

Question 51

Exercise programs that stress ____ and ____ reduce falls.

Answer 51

- strength | - balance

Question 52

Actions are coupled with _____.

Answer 52

perceptions

Question 53

Movement experience is important to, and might facilitate, ____ _____.

Answer 53

perceptual development

Question 54

Perceptual system: _____ interactions demonstrate ______ of movement and ____ _____.

Answer 54

- environment - interdependence - perceptual development