Lecture 5 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 body systems?
A
- skeletal system
- muscular system
- adipose system
- endocrine system
- nervous system
2
Q
Body systems are influenced by _____ factors.
A
extrinsic
3
Q
Skeletal system for embryo:
A
cartilage model
4
Q
Primary ossification:
A
prenatal
5
Q
Secondary ossification:
A
postnatal
6
Q
____ ossify faster, complete earlier.
A
girls
7
Q
Scoliosis ratio:
A
11:1
8
Q
Length in postnatal growth:
A
- secondary centres
- epiphyseal, growth, or pressure epiphyses
9
Q
Diameter in postnatal growth:
A
appositional
10
Q
Traction epiphyses:
A
A secondary centre of ossification forming at the attachment site of a tendon.
11
Q
When does growth at the epiphyseal plates stop?
A
- stops at different times for different bones
- all typically close by age 18-19
- closure occurs at younger age in girls
12
Q
Bone undergoes ______ throughout the ______.
A
- remodelling
- life span
13
Q
In the skeletal system in adults, old bone is _____, new bone is _____.
A
- absorbed
- formed
14
Q
In adulthood, bone growth _____, fails to keep pace with _____.
A
- slows
- reabsorption
15
Q
As we get old, our bones become more _____.
A
brittle
16
Q
Hip dysplasia in newborn:
A
- congenital
- 1 in 100 affected
- acetabulum underdeveloped Cf. head of femur (blood supply to 2nd ossification)
17
Q
What are the causes of hip dysplasia in newborn?
A
- large fetus
- 1st pregnancy
- breech swaddling
- 4:1 (female:male)
18
Q
How can we tell if a baby has hip dysplasia?
A
- feel for laxity
- asymmetry of bum creases
19
Q
How do we fix hip dysplasia in a newborn?
A
- self resolve (6 weeks)
- after 6 weeks, use harness (maximize contact at ball and socket)
20
Q
Prenatal growth involves _____ and _____.
A
- hyperplasia
- hypertrophy
21
Q
Prenatal growth mainly involves _____.
A
hypertrophy
22
Q
Muscle growth follows _____ pattern.
A
sigmoid
23
Q
Differences between the sexes become marked in ______ (especially in …)
A
- adolescence
- upper body musculature
24
Q
Adult muscle is composed of what muscle fibre type?
A
- type I
- type IIa
- type IIx
25
At birth, ______% of fibres are undifferentiated.
15-20%
26
By age ___, distribution of muscle fibre type is similar to adult distributions.
age 1
27
Loss of muscle mass is minimal until age ____.
50
28
By age ____, average ____% of muscle mass is lost.
- 80
| - 30%
29
Muscle loss occurs in _____ and _____ of muscle fibres.
- number
| - size
30
Size of muscle fibres usually decreases after the age ____.
70
31
Do type II fibres undergo greater loss?
unclear
32
How to test for sarcopenia?
simple quick muscle strength test is sufficient
33
Sarcopenia:
- flesh deficiency
| - loss of muscle tissue as a result of aging
34
Some fat is needed for...
- energy storage
- insulation
- protection
35
Fat increases rapidly until age ____, then gradually until age _____.
- 6 months
| - 8 years
36
In adolescence, _____ increase fat more dramatically than ____ do.
- girls
| - boys
37
Fat growth is by _____ and _____.
- hyperplasia (HP)
| - hypertrophy (HT)
38
Body fat distribution changes with _____.
growth
39
Children have more ____ than ______ fat.
- internal
| - subcutaneous
40
Subcutaneous fat increases from age ____ years until age _____ in boys and girls.
- age 6-7
| - age 12-13
41
Subcutaneous fat continues to increase after age 13 in ____.
girls
42
Both men and women tend to _____ fat during adulthood, but this is not _____.
- gain
| - inevitable
43
In adulthood, increases in _____ fat are notable, but _______ fat on ____ tends to decrease.
- trunk
- subcutaneous
- limbs
44
GH is secreted by:
anterior pituitary
45
GH is necessary for:
normal growth
46
Deficiency of GH can result it:
growth abnormality
47
Thyroid hormones are secreted by:
thyroid gland
48
Thyroid hormones influence:
whole-body growth
49
One of the THs play a role in:
skeletal growth
50
Gonadal hormones have influence on:
- growth
- sexual maturation (sex organs)
- secondary sex characteristics
51
2 types of gonadal hormones:
- androgens
| - estrogen
52
Androgens secreted by:
- testes (boys)
| - adrenal glands (boys, girls)
53
What do androgens do?
- hasten epiphyseal growth plate closure
| - promote growth of muscle mass
54
Estrogen secreted by:
- ovaries (girls)
| - adrenal cortex (girls, boys)
55
What does estrogen do?
- hastens epiphyseal growth plate closure
| - promotes accumulation of fat
56
Too much cortisol puts you at risk for:
cushing's syndrome
57
Not enough cortisol puts you at risk for
addison's disease
58
In the nervous system, ____ direct its development.
geners
59
In the nervous system, _____ factors exert influence, especially in the formation of _____ _____.
- extrinsic
| - synaptic connections
60
Prenatal neural development generally includes:
- neuron formation
- differentiation into general type
- migration
61
Prenatal neural development: once in place, neurons develop an _____ to carry signals to ____, _____, _____, _____
- axon
- neurons
- glands
- organs
- muscles
62
______ might disturb normal migration and branching.
teratogens
63
Late in the prenatal period, neurons start to fire _____ _____.
- electrical impulses
| - first at random, then forming circuits
64
In early neural development, experience might play role in _____ _____.
- synaptic proliferation
| - strengthening some connections, weakening others
65
In early neural development, _____ ____ becomes more efficient with experience.
neural network
66
What did Sur do?
make retinal ganglion cells grow to auditory cortex instead of visual cortex
67
Cortical arealization:
nerve cells in the auditory cortex behave like those found in the visual cortex
68
Brain growth increases rapidly after _____.
birth
69
Postnatal neurological growth involves these factors:
- increase in size of neurons
- prolific branching to form synapses
- increases in glial cell for support and nourishment of neurons
- increases in myelin to insulate axons
70
Stimulation of learning increases ...
number of synaptic connections
71
Development is normally ______ but in this case ____ ____ first (opposite).
- cephalocaudal
| - spinal cord
72
Myelination of axons allows:
faster conduction of neural impulses
73
From 15-45 we have ______ while from 45-75 we have _____.
- development (myelination)
| - degeneration (demyelination)
74
Nervous system: aging involves loss of:
- neurons
- dendrites
- synapses
- neurotransmitters
- myelin
75
One theory of aging suggests that ____ in neural network links cause ____ and therefore _____.
- breaks
- detours
- slowing
76
Exercise promotes improved ____ function in nervous system in older adults.
cognitive
77
4 different cognitive tasks:
- executive
- controlled
- spatial
- speed
78
Systems _____ as they develop and age.
interact
79
During periods of rapid change, a system might be more sensitive to ____ ____.
extrinsic factors
80
Extrinsic factors play a _____ role (genetic factors _____ role) as one moves through life.
- greater
| - lesser
81
Model of constraints shows that a system can act as a ___ _____ (during growth) or as a ______ (of aging).
- rate limiter
| - accelerator
