CHAPTER 11 (MITOSIS)

Question 1

reproduction

Answer 1

the parents produce a new generation of daughter cells (multicellular organisms) with instructions for their function in the DNA

Question 2

division mechanisms

Answer 2

for PROKARYOTES
- binary fission
for EUKARYOTES
- mitosis
- meiosis

Question 3

What are the functions of mitosis

Answer 3

for MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
- growth
- cell replacement
for PROTISTS, FUNGI, PLANTS, and ANIMALS
- asexual reproduction

Question 4

chromosomes

Answer 4

DNA and proteins; duplicates for mitosis; contains genes

Question 5

genes

Answer 5

have the information that will create a new organism and transmit it with a chemical code

Question 6

What are the numbers of chromosomes in a cell?

Answer 6

for SOMATIC cells
- diploid (2n)
- pairs
for GAMETES
- haploid (n)
- single set

Question 7

Homo sapiens

Answer 7

human species with 23 chromosome pairs
-46 diploids
- one pair from mom and one pair from dad

Question 8

interphase

Answer 8

part that occupies the most time; increases cell mass; components in the cytoplasm are doubled; DNA is duplicated

Question 9

mitosis

Answer 9

period of nuclear division; followed by cytoplasmic division
FOUR STAGES:
PROphase
METAphase
ANAphase
TELOphase

Question 10

interrupted interphase

Answer 10

some cells stop normally during interphase such as neurons which do not divide; adverse conditions can stop the cycle such as amoebas without food

Question 11

spindle apparatus

Answer 11

consists of two sets of microtubules (each set extends from the poles and meet at the equator); move the chromosomes during mitosis

Question 12

early prophase

Answer 12

mitosis begins; duplicated chromosomes begin to condense

Question 13

late prophase

Answer 13

new microtubules are assembled; one centriole pair is moved toward opposite pole of spindle; nuclear envelope starts to break up

Question 14

transition to metaphase

Answer 14

spindle forms; spindle microtubules become attached to the two sister chromatids of each chromosomes

Question 15

metaphase

Answer 15

all chromosomes are lined up at the spindle equator; chromosomes are maximally condensed

Question 16

anaphase

Answer 16

sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart; once separated, each chromatid is a chromosome

Question 17

telophase

Answer 17

chromosomes decondense; two nuclear membranes form, one around each set of unduplicated chromosomes

Question 18

What are the results of mitosis?

Answer 18

two daughter cells with the same genetic information

Question 19

cytoplasmic division

Answer 19

occurs between late anaphase and the end of telophase
HAS TWO MECHANISMS
- formation of plate (plants)
- division (animals)

Question 20

HeLA cells

Answer 20

line of human cancer cells that can be grown in culture; descendants of tumor cells from a woman named Henrietta Lacks; Lacks died at 31, but here cells continue to live and divide in labs around the world