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BIOL I > CHAPTER 12 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 12 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

blending inheritance

A

hereditary determinants blend in the zygote

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2
Q

particulate inheritance

A

hereditary determinants are distinct; Mendel states that physical traits are inherited as “particles” but he did not know that the “particles” were actually chromosomes and DNA

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3
Q

Pisum sativum

A

used by Gregor Mendel to control pollination and fertilization by removing the male organs and manually pollinating the flowers; have perfect flowers with both male and female reproductive organs

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4
Q

character

A

observable physical feature (e.g., seed shape)

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5
Q

trait

A

form of a character (e.g., round or wrinkled seeds)

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6
Q

phenotype

A

observable properties of an individual resulting from both genetic and environmental factors

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7
Q

hybridization

A

process where Mendel mated two contrasting, true breeding varieties

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8
Q

P generation

A

parental generation

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9
Q

F1 generation

A

seeds and offspring; first filial generation

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10
Q

F2 generation

A

when F1 plants self-pollinated these got produced; second filial generation

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11
Q

monohybrid crosses

A

cross parental varieties with contrasting traits for a single character; F1 are monohybrids; allow plants to self pollinate to produce F2 generation

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12
Q

dominant

A

the most abundant trait

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13
Q

recessive

A

the least abundant trait

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14
Q

ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the F2 generation

A

3:1

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15
Q

diploid

A

the state of having two copies of each gene

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16
Q

haploid

A

having just a single copy

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17
Q

alleles

A

different forms of a gene where different traits arise

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18
Q

homozygous

A

two alleles that are the same

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19
Q

heterozygous

A

two different alleles (one may be dominant and the other recessive)

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20
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup, what makes the individual’s phenotype

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21
Q

the law of segregation (Mendel’s first law)

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A

the two copies of a gene separate during gamete formation; each gamete receives only one copy

22
Q

Punnett square

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A

where all possible allele combinations can be predicted; it ensures that you consider all possible combinations of gametes when calculating expected genotype frequencies

23
Q

test crosses

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A

F1 individuals are crossed with homozygous recessive individuals

24
Q

dihybrid cross

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A

inheritance patterns involving two different genes

25
ratio of dihybrid cross
9:3:3:1
26
independent assortment (Mendel's second law)
copies of different genes assort independently
27
pedigrees
family trees that show the occurrence of phenotypes in several generations of related individuals; can be used to determine whether a rare allele is dominant or recessive
28
mutations
stable, inherited changes in the genetic material where new alleles arise
29
wild type
allele present in most of the population; if it is present, less than 99% of the time the gene is said to be polymorphic
30
multiple alleles
often show a hierarchy of dominance
31
incomplete dominance
alleles are neither dominant nor recessive; heterozygotes have intermediate phenotypes; in the F2 generation, the original phenotypes reappear which means the alleles have not "blended"
32
codominance
alleles produce phenotypes that are both present in the heterozygote
33
ABO blood group system
three different alleles encode an enzyme that adds specific groups to oligosaccharides that act as antigens on red blood cells; the three alleles IA, IB, and IO produce different versions of the enzyme
34
What type of antigen does each group make?
-people in the A group make A antigen and anti-B antibodies -people in the B group make B antigen and anti-A antibodies -people in the AB group make both A and B antigens, and neither antibody (the IA and IB alleles are codominant)
35
pleiotropic
one allele has multiple phenotypic effects
36
epistasis
phenotypic expression of one gene is influenced by another gene
37
quantitative characters
those that vary in the population along a continuum
38
polygenic inheritance
an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype indicated by quantitative variation
39
inbreeding
mating among close relatives; can result in offspring with reduced fitness (inbreeding depression)
40
hybrid vigor/heterosis
crosses between inbred lines can result in offspring with superior qualities
41
What are the two hypotheses of heterosis?
DOMINANCE hypothesis - extra growth is explained by lack of inbreeding depression; hybrids are unlikely to be homozygous for deleterious recessive alleles OVERDOMINANCE hypothesis - new allele combinations result in superior traits
42
What can affect phenotype besides genotype?
environment (light, temperature, nutrition, etc.)
43
What two parameters describe the effects of genes and environment of phenotype?
PENETRANCE - proportion of individuals with a certain genotype that show the phenotype EXPRESSIVITY - degree to which genotype is expressed in an individual
44
conjugation
how bacteria exchange genes; a sex pilus extends from one cell to another and brings them together; genetic material passes through a thin cytoplasmic bridge called the conjugation tube; DNA passes from a donor cell to a recipient cell where there is no reciprocal transfer; donor and recipient DNA line up and crossing over can occur, changing the recipient's genetic makeup
45
plasmids
small circular chromosomes; during conjugation it is usually these who are transferred; can replicate independently of the main chromosome or be integrated into the main chromosome
46
What three categories do plasmid genes fall into?
-unusual METABOLIC functions (e.g., breaking down hydrocarbons) - ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE genes (R factors) - genes for MAKING a SEX PILUS
47
multifactorial traits
traits that depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences
48
carriers
heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal; most individuals with recessive disorders are born to carrier parents
49
rare dominant allele
causes human disorders and arises by mutation
50
amniocentesis
process where the liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested
51
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
process where a sample of the placenta is removed and tested

BIOL I (12 decks)

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