Chapter 11: Motivation

Question 1

ID

Answer 1

we are born pure ID
most primitive
needs immediate gratification
source of libido (psychic energy)

Question 2

EGO

Answer 2

reality principle
structure of personality
balances the ID and Super Ego

Question 3

SUPER EGO

Answer 3

internalized parent
constantly saying no
stops ID
2 Aspects:
1. Ego Ideal: who we should be
2. Conscience: how we should behave

Question 4

Oral Stage of Psychosexual Development

Answer 4

mouth is erogenous zone
conflict = giving up breast
oral aggressive: hostel, angry person, sarcastic
oral dependent: naïve, gullible, will swallow anything

Question 5

Anal Stage of Psychosexual Development

Answer 5

feels good to fill diaper
conflict: potty training
anal retentive: hold everything in, organized, very neat
ana expulsive: messy, sloppy, disorganized, extraverted

Question 6

Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Develpoment

Answer 6

conflict: sexual desire for parent
Oedipus: boy loves penis, sexually attacked to mom, dad is problem, resolves to maybe I can be like dad and get a girl like mom so relates to dad

Electra: girl has penis envy, wants daddy for penis, gives up attraction to dad when she learns that she will never get penis and identifies with mom

Question 7

Latency Stage of Psychosexual Development

Answer 7

no thoughts about sex until puberty

Question 8

Genital Stage of Psychosexual Development

Answer 8

puberty and forward
no problems

Question 9

Karen Horney

Answer 9

women have power envy not penis envy
girls want to have power like men
- more dreams with phallic imagery in societies where women have less power

Question 10

Repression

Answer 10

don’t’ think about uncomfortable thoughts

Question 11

Denial

Answer 11

pretend like uncomfortable thought don’t exist

Question 12

Projection

Answer 12

place uncomfortable feelings on someone else (deny feelings and make someone the problem)

Question 13

Reaction Formation

Answer 13

express complete opposite of how we are feeling

Question 14

Regression

Answer 14

go back to earlier stage of development (throw a temper tantrum)

Question 15

Rationalization

Answer 15

give explanation for emotions

Question 16

Displacement

Answer 16

put feelings onto something else that what the feelings are actually directed at (mad at boss so kick to dog)

Question 17

Identification

Answer 17

identify with someone more powerful (copy the cool kids)

Question 18

Sublimation

Answer 18

BEST ONE
direct emotions to more beneficial behaviors

Question 19

Compare personality inventories and projective techniques

Answer 19

Personality Inventories: rely on self reporting, people provide information on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, scales are devised to assess a whole range of personalities, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is popular test, PROBLEM: we don’t know everything about ourselves to self report

Projective Techniques: reveal inner aspects of an individuals’ personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of stimuli, inkblot, or how we make up stories about people in pictures (TAT), PROBLEM: observer interpretation

Question 20

Describe how the trait approach to personality has changed over time

Answer 20

Started with looking for adjectives that could describe personality- highest levels are called FACTORS

Narrowed it down from 16,000 to 5

Question 21

Allport

Answer 21

idea that we can describe people in terms of traits

Question 22

Cattell

Answer 22

16 factory theory of personality

Question 23

Eysenck

Answer 23

3 major traits (extroversion, neuroticism (emotional stable), psychoticism (impulsive or hostile))

Question 24

Big Five Factor Model

Answer 24

1. Openness to Experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism

Question 25

Explain the biological basis for personality traits.

Answer 25

Genetics: people with more similar personalities have more common genes- not due to parenting differences Traits in the Brain: difference due to cortical arousal in reticular formation extraverts- seek social interaction to stimulate (Behavioral Activation System (BAS) is go system) introverts- seek quieter activities because they are stimulated more easily (Behavior Inhibition System (BIS) stop system)

Question 26

Explain how defense mechanisms reduce anxiety

Answer 26

reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses (our unconscious impulses that are not acceptable to act upon)

Question 27

Describe the humanistic-existential approach to personality

Answer 27

Humanistic: positive view of human nature Existentialist: individual as a responsible agent free to create life or death Focus son self actualization tendency: human motivation to realizing our inner potential we need to orient around the right goals for us (want to live in the flow area so that we are challenged to our abelites but not board or anxious) Existential approach: personality governed by choices in the context of realities of life and death proposes that personality develops as a person strives for personal growth, while at the same time negotiating the reality of death.

Question 28

Explain the role of self-actualization and angst in personality development.

Answer 28

Self Actualization: need life to match goals to be happy, want to be in the flow Angst: anxiety of accepting the responsibility of making free choices being loved can relive the angst

Question 29

Describe the social-cognitive approach to personality

Answer 29

personality in terms of how a person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them core: person-situation controversy (is behavior personality or situational factors) BOTH, come situation are more powerful than others

Question 30

Explain how personal constructs are key to personality differences.

Answer 30

Personal Constructs: dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences different responses to situations with the idea that people experience and interpret the world in different ways

Question 31

Describe the features that make up the self-concept

Answer 31

Self Concept: person's explicit knowledge of his own behaviors traits and characteristics 1. Self Narrative (story we tell about ourselves) 2. Personality Traits (how you judge yourself) These are not always well integrated. As we age, we care less about what other people think about us.

Question 32

Identify three possible reasons we desire self-esteem.

Answer 32

1. Social Status 2. Belonging 3. Secutiry

Question 33

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 33

!

Question 34

cardinal and secondary traits

Answer 34

!

Question 35

surface and source traits

Answer 35

!

Question 36

Jeffrey Gray - BAS/BIS

Answer 36

BAS= go system, extraverts more sensitive BIS= stop system, introverts more sensitive