Chapter 3

Question 1

Neurons

Answer 1

cells in nervous system that communicate with each other to perform information processing tasks

Question 2

Cell Body

Answer 2

coordinates information - processing tasks and keeps cell alive

Question 3

Dendrites

Answer 3

receive info from other neurons and relay to cell body

Question 4

Axon

Answer 4

carries info through neuron to other neurons, or muscle glands

Question 5

Myelin Sheath

Answer 5

insulating layer on axon

Question 6

glial cells

Answer 6

support cells in neurons system (make up myelin sheath, allow for faster/more efficient info transfer)

Question 7

sensory neurons

Answer 7

receive info from world and convey to brain via spinal cord (light sound taste touch)

Question 8

motor neurons

Answer 8

carry signals from spinal cord to muscles

Question 9

interneurons

Answer 9

connect sensory, motor, or other interneurons

Question 10

resting potentials

Answer 10

difference in charge inside and outside of cell
K+ and A- more abundant inside
Na+ more abundant outside

Question 11

action potential

Answer 11

electrical signal conducted along length of axon to a synapse
(all or nothing, either threshold to start action potential is met or not (not difference it strengths))
-Na+ flows in and increases charge in inside
-influx of Na+ caused more channels to open and keeps action potential going

Question 12

refractory period

Answer 12

time following action potential when new action potential can’t be initiated
- Na+ channels close
- K+ channels open and K+ flows out to restore internal negative charge
-pumps push out Na+ and take in K+ to restore ion balance

Question 13

terminal buttons

Answer 13

end of axons, filled with neruotranmitters

Question 14

neurotransmitter

Answer 14

chemical that transmit info to receiving dendrites

Question 15

receptors

Answer 15

parts of cell membrane that receive neurotransmitters to active or prevent new electrical signal

Question 16

three possibilities in synpase

Answer 16

neurotransmitters…
1. absorbed by terminal buttons on cell it just came from (reuptake)
2. broken down by enzymes
3. drift away

Question 17

agonistic

Answer 17

increase action of neurotranmitters

Question 18

antagonistic

Answer 18

diminish function of neurotranmitters

Question 19

central nervous system

Answer 19

brain and spinal cord
receive info from external world and processes/coordinates, send to to skeletal and muscular systems

Question 20

peripheral nervous system

Answer 20

connects central ns to body’s organs and muscles

Question 21

somatic pns

Answer 21

set of nerves that convey info between voluntary muscles and central ns

Question 22

autonomic pns

Answer 22

set of nerves that carry involuntary and automatic commands to blood vessels

Question 23

sympatic autonomic pns

Answer 23

nerves that prepares body for action (flight or fight)

Question 24

parasympatic autonomic pns

Answer 24

helps body return to resting state

Question 25

spinal reflexes

Answer 25

simple pathways in ns that generale muscles contratctions (come from spinal cord not brain)

Question 26

Hindbrain

Answer 26

coordinates info coming into and out of spinal cord

Question 27

Medulla

Answer 27

Hindbrain extension of spinal cord, coordinates heart rate, circulation, respiration

Question 28

Reticular Formation

Answer 28

Hindbrain regulates sleep wakefulness, levels of arousal

Question 29

Cerebellum

Answer 29

Hindbrain controls fine motor skills (sequence of motions, fine tuning of behavior)

Question 30

Pons

Answer 30

Hindbrain relays info from cerbellum to rest of brain

Question 31

Forebrain

Answer 31

complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions

Question 32

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 32

outermost layer of brain, divided into to hempispheres

Question 33

Organization Across Hemispheres

Answer 33

control opposite sides of body connected by commissures(bundle of axons)

Question 34

Occipital Lobe

Answer 34

Forebrain CC process visual information (sensory receptors - eyes, thalamus - occipital lobe)

Question 35

Tectum

Answer 35

Midbrain orients and organism in environment moves body towards stimulus

Question 36

Tegmentum

Answer 36

Midbrain movement, arousal, orients organism to sensory stimuli

Question 37

Temporal Lobe

Answer 37

Forebrain CC responsible for hearing and language turns sounds into meaningful units

Question 38

parietal lobe

Answer 38

Forbrain CC process info about touch

Question 39

frontal lobe

Answer 39

Forebrain CC specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, judgment

Question 40

subcoritical strucutres

Answer 40

areas of forebrain housed in serebral cortex

Question 41

thalamus

Answer 41

Forbrain SS realys and filters information from the senses and transmits the in formation to the central cortex -everything except smell -filters info then relays it -closes pathways during sleep

Question 42

hypothalmus

Answer 42

Frobrain SS regulates body temp, hunger, thierst, sexual behavior

Question 43

hippocampus

Answer 43

Frobrain SS creates new memories and integreates them into a network of knowlegde so they can be sotred infeinitley in other parts of the brain

Question 44

Amygdala

Answer 44

Frobrain SS central role in emotional process, particualry formation of emotional memories

Question 45

Basal Ganglia

Answer 45

Forbrain SS directs intetentioal movement

Question 46

Endocrine System

Answer 46

network of glands that produce a secrete into bloodstream chemical messages wihchi influence a wide variesty of basic funcitons (metabolism, grown, develpoment)

Question 47

Pituitary Glad

Answer 47

master glad of hormone stystem release hormons that effect other glads

Question 48

Brain Plastcity

Answer 48

sensory coritces are not fixed fuctions that are assgined to certain areas of brains are capable of being reassigned to other areas to accomidate changing input form enviorment (fantom limbs, practice makes perfect)

Question 49

Genes

Answer 49

major unito fo hereditary transmission

Question 50

Epigenetics

Answer 50

study of enviormental indluences that determien how/f gesne are expressed

Question 51

acetycholine

Answer 51

control muscles when out in body control attention when in the brain (alzhemers)

Question 52

norepienpherine

Answer 52

contorl of arousal, wakefulness, exctied feeling

Question 53

dopamine

Answer 53

pleasure and reward motor behavior from brain, initiation of movement (parkensons)

Question 54

serotonin

Answer 54

mood, appetite, sleep, dreaming, linked to mood disorders

Question 55

GABA

Answer 55

inhibitory, calm us down, slow down

Question 56

Glutamate

Answer 56

excitatory

Question 57

Endorphins

Answer 57

naturally occuring opeiods relife of pain pleasure