Chapter 11: Motivation Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Define instincts
A
Genetic basis
Universal among species
Don’t depend on learning
Survival value
2
Q
Describe Maintaining Homeostasis
A
Sensory mechanisms detects internal changes
Response system restores
Control center receive info from sensor + activates response
Can involve learned behaviours
3
Q
Drive theory of motivation
def ___
goal of motivated behaviour
con__
A
Physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce drives (eg: hunger)
Goal of motivated behaviour: reduce drives
Con: people sometimes increase drives (eg: diet)
4
Q
Incentive theories Focus on ___
A
external motivators
5
Q
Expectancy x value theory
Goal-directed behaviour is determined by (2)
A
- Strength of expectation that behaviour leads to a goal
- Value placed on goal
6
Q
Dual-instinct model
by___
def___
A
By Freud
Behaviour from unconscious forces + psychological defences control them
7
Q
Self-determination (autonomy) theory
____fundamental psychological needs
Fulfilled when____
Lead to (6)
A
3
needs satisfied
psychological well-being, happiness, worker performance, satisfaction, positive relationships, meaningfulness
8
Q
Competence:
A
need to master new challenges + perfect skills
9
Q
Autonomy:
A
actions are free choice
10
Q
Relatedness
A
Relatedness: form meaningful bonds
11
Q
Hunger initiation-Physiological signals (5)
A
-Drop-rise glucose pattern
-Neuropeptide secreted by neurons in -hypothalamus
-Ghrelin secreted in blood by small intestine + stomach
- 1 of most important signals
-Involved in cravings + rewarding. Cues
(eg: pic) trigger release
12
Q
Set-point
def________
con________
A
Internal physiological standard
Body weight/fat regulation
Mechanisms return body to this pt if we over/under eat
Con: mechanisms actually make it harder to continue losing/gaining weight (don’t return to set-pt) (called settling-pt)
13
Q
Instinct
A
inherited predisposition to behave in predictable way
14
Q
Homeostasis
A
internal physiological equilibrium
15
Q
Drives
A
internal tension that motivate organism to reduce tension
16
Q
Incentives
A
internal factors that push organism toward goal
17
Q
Extrinsic motivation
A
do something to get external consequences
18
Q
Intrinsic motivation
A
do something for its own sake
19
Q
Need hierarchy
A
progression of needs (deficiency at bottom + growth need at top)
20
Q
Self-actualization:
A
need to fulfil potential
21
Q
Metabolism
A
rate of energy utilization
22
Q
Basal metabolism
A
uses ⅔ energy. Resting +continuous body cell metabolic work
23
Q
Satiety
A
not hungry as a result of eating
24
Q
Glucose
A
simple sugar, immediately usable fuel, most goes to liver/fat cells. Monitored by hypothalamus + liver
25
Positive feedback
signal causes increase in level
26
Overjustifcation hypothesis
Extrinsic rewards make us feel like we’re doing it for rewards instead of enjoyment
27
Signals involved in satiety
Caused by short-term hunger signals
Long-term signals (eg: body fat)
28
Satiety signals
Stomach + intestinal distention
Food stretches organs + send nerve signals
to brain
Related to food content
Chemical signals
Intestines release peptides (hormones)
CCK released into blood by small
intestine+stimulates peripheral nerves
which signal brain
Leptin (hormone) secreted in blood by fat
cells
29
Control Mechanisms use (2) feedback
describe musculature response ____
Use positive or negative feedback
Musculature response toward (pos) or away (neg) from stimulus
30
Brain areas involved in hunger
2 regions of hypothalamus
Damage leads to weight problems + obesity
Lateral hypothalamus: hunger on centre
Ventromedial hypothalamus: hunger off centre
31
Psychological hunger aspects
Cognitive expectation that eating=pleasurable
Conditioned habits (snacking during certain activities)
Attitudes (don’t waste, eat dessert)
32
Environmental Factors in eating
People sensitive to environmental changes
Examples:
portion size: large portion=eat more
# people present: meals take longer = eat more
amount others eat
Food availability: cost, scarcity
Food cues: smell, sound
33
Difficulty losing weight
Weight gain promotes weight gain
More insulin = increases glucose to fat conversion
Weight makes harder to exercise
Dieting slows basal metabolism (starvation response)
34
Paraventricular nucleus (PVN):
neuron cluster. Has receptors for transmitters that stimulate/reduce appetite
35
Objectification theory
women taught to view body as object
36
BMI: 25-29.9
overweight
37
BMI: 30>
obese
38
obesity factors
-Heredity influences basal metabolic rate + tendency to store energy as lean mass or fat
-200 genes involved- most in CNS
-Lots of inexpensive, high-fat food
-Cultural emphasis on “best value” which leads to supersizing menu items
-Tech that decreases physical activity
39
Hormonal Influences in sex
-Hypothalmus regulates pituitary gland
-Pituitary gland secretes gonadotrophins into blood
-gonadotrophins affect rate that gonadws secret androgens + estrogens
40
Readiness for sex
androgens have primary influence on sexual desire
Males: presence of environmental stimuli (eg: receptive female)
Females: high estrogen phase of cycle
41
Peggy Lee syndrome
women find 1st sexual intercourse disappointing
42
Vasocongestion
blood flow causes swelling
43
Organizational effetcs
sex hormones diretc male/female sex characteristic devlopmetn
44
Activational effects
stimulate sexual behaviour + desire
45
Sexual Response Cycle
___ stages when aroused
4 stages when aroused
Excitement phase
-arousal builds rapidly,
-blood flow to genitals, nipples, breasts
(swelling)
-Penis + clitoris erect, vagina lubricates
-Muscle tension increases
Plateau phase
-Respiration, HR, vasocongestion, muscle
-tension increase until orgasm
46
Lack of interest in sex factors
⅓ women + ⅙ men
Factors: stress, fatigue, anger
47
Male Orgasms
Males have refractory period after orgasm (no further response)
Rhythmic contractions of internal organs + muscle surrounding urethra project semen
48
Pornography effects
1. Social learning theory: viewing aggressive behaviour leads to aggressive behaviour
2. Catharsis principle: inborn aggressive/sexual impulses released by watching violent porn
Porn users have more gender equality
Temporarily increase male aggression toward females
Promotes view that sex is impersonal
Decreases satisfaction w partners
49
Female Orgasms
Rhythmic contractions of outer 3rd of vagina, muscles, uterus
A = several orgasms followed by resolution
B = plateau stage w/o orgasms
C = orgasms without following plateau stage
50
Sexual Orientation
def__
determinants
Emotional/erotic preference
Involves self-identity, sexual attraction, actual sexual behaviour
Determinants
Genetics: prenatal sex hormone exposure
Con: correlational, can’t study humans
socialization
51
Reasons for striving to succeed
Motive for success: positive
Fear of failure: fear impairs task performance
52
Achievement goal theory
Mastery orientation_____
Performance orientation___
Focuses on definition of success by individual + situation
Mastery orientation: focus on personal improvement, giving max effort, perfect new skills
Performance orientation: goal is to outperform others
53
High-need achievers
Don’t outperform low-achievement people when tasks are easy
Outperform others when tasks are hard
Strive for success when
Perceive themselves as personally responsible for outcome
Perceive some risk of not succeeding
Opportunity to receive performance feedback
54
3 types of Motivational Conflict
1. Approach-approach conflict: select one, lose other
2. Avoidance-avoidance conflict: 2 bad choices
Approach3. -avoidance conflict: attracted to + repelled by same goal
4. Delay discounting: decrease in value of future incentive
55
Need for achievement:
desire to accomplish tasks + attain standards of excellence
56
Achievement goals
1. Mastery approach: I want to learn
2. Performance approach: outperform others
3. Mastery-avoidance: reflect fear of not owning up to standards
4. Performance-avoidance: don’t want to be outperformed
57
Family + Cultural Influences
High need for achievement caused by regarding achievement, but not pushing failure
Fear of failure caused by ignoring achievement + punishing failure
Individualistic culture = personal achievement
collectivistic = achievement related to meeting expectation + fitting into social group
58
emotion Link to motivation
Emotion present when experience important
59
Adaptive functions of emotion
Signal something important is happening
Direct attention to event
Broden thinking + behaviour
60
Emotion in communication
Provide observable info about internal states + intentions
Facial expression can lead to emotion
61
Cognitive component of emotion
Evoke emotional responses
Influence how we express emotions
Appraisal are evaluative + personal
62
LeDoux’s theory
Explains unconscious emotional phenomena
Emygdala receives direct input from senses + generates reactions before cerebral cortex processes
Cerebral cortex reacts after processing
Prefrontal damage leads to dysregulation
63
Neurotransmitters
pleasurable emotions__
anger___
Dopamine + endorphins = pleasurable emotions
Serotonin + norepinephrine = anger
64
Fundamental emotional patterns
def___
proof___
Innate emotional response patterns
Proof
Expression emotions are similar in diff cultures
Blind kids express basic emotions in same way
65
James-Lange Somatic Theory
Body informs mind
Physiological reactions determine emotions
Con: feedback from body not needed to experience emotion
Facial feedback hypothesis: somatic feedback from facial muscles provide feedback to brain + influences emotion
66
Cannon-Bard Theory
Thalsmus send sensory messages to cerebral cortex + internal organs
Encounter enviromental cue which triggers emotion
67
Cognitive-Affective Theories
Cognitive + physiological responses interact
All emotional repsonses require appraisal
68
Two-factor theory of emotion
By Schachetr + singer
Intensity of arousal determines perceived intensity of emotion
Environment cues tell us what emotion we’re experiencing
69
Emotions
pos/neg feelings w pattern o cognitive, physiological, behavioural reactions. Dynamic process.
70
Affective neuroscience studies ___
brain’s role in emotion
71
Left-hemisphere
involved in positive emotions
72
Right hemisphere
neg emotions
73
Empathy
when emotion evokes similar response in us
74
Expressive behaviours
Emotional displays
75
Display rules
when it’s ok to display emotions
76
Kinesics
study of movement/posture
77
Emblems
meaningful substitution (gesture) for spoken language
78
4 components of emotion
1. Emotions are responses to external/internal eliciting stimuli
2. Result from our interpretation (cognitive appraisal) of stimuli
3. Bodies respond physiologically to appraisal
4. Emotions include behaviour tendencies.
Expressive behaviours / instrumental behaviours (do something about stimulus)
79
Subcortical structures involved in emotion
Hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic system
Lack of emotion when stimulated + emotion when removed
80
Brain damage in each hemisphere consequences
Left-hemisphere = negative emotions
Right hemisphere = indifference/ euphoria
81
Fight/flight response
Produced by sympathetic branch of automatic nervous system + endocrine system hormones
Sympathetic nervous system arouses within a few secs by directly stimulating organs + muscles
Endocrine puts epinephrine, cortisol + stress hormones in blood
82
Display rules
Norms for emotional expression
83
Emotion + performance
As arousal increases, performance increases to optimal level
above/below optimal arousal level decreases performance
As task complexity increases, primal level of arousal needed for max performance decreases
84
Common Sense Theory
Emotion events leads to perception, then perception of emotion, body arousal comes from perception
85
Pupil dilation
Happens when looking at interesting slides
Enlarged pupil makes people attractive
86
Low HR for what emotions
Happy, disgust, surprise
87
High HR for what emotions
Anger (high skin temp), fear/sad (low skin temp)
88
Nonverbal behaviour
Paralanguage: spoken aspects of speech
Facial expression
Staring is eye contact after 7 secs
89
Facial Action Coding System
Measuring procedure
Observer dissects muscles used in emotion
Women more accurate judges of behaviour
90
Nervous system
Sympathetic: inhibits parasympathetic
Activates (HR up, peristalsis stops,, vasoconstriction (blood vessels)
Parasympathetic
Conserves
Decelerate HR, stimulate peristalsis, vasodilation
91
Activation of Sympathetic NS
Stimulation of adrenal medulla (endocrine)
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Sympathetic arousal
Break down glucose for energy
