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Psych 1003B > Chapter 9: Language + Thinking > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Language + Thinking Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Language is a ___(1) and uses rules for __(2) to make messages

A

1: system of symbols
2: combining symbols

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2
Q

Adaptive functions of language are
1. ____
2. ____

A
  1. behaviour depends on more than physical structure
  2. lang development helps humans adapt to environment
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3
Q

4 properties of language

A
  1. symbolic + structured
  2. conveys meaning
  3. generative (symbols combine to give infinite messages).
  4. Permits displacement (communicate about things not physically present)
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4
Q

How is bottom-up processing used in understanding/producing language? (2)

A

Elements combined into understanding
○ Elements = aspects of speech

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5
Q

How is top-down processing used in understanding/producing language? (2)

A

Info processed using knowledge
○ Knowledge = Vocab, rules

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6
Q

How are pragmatics used in understanding/producing language? (1)

A

(social context on how to react)

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7
Q

Sex differences
- Males w (?)-hemisphere strokes have
worse aphasia than females (females language more
localized in (?)hemisphere)

A

left-hemisphere, right

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8
Q

Broca’s area
located where ____
involved in ____

A
  • Left hemisphere, frontal lobe
  • Word production
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9
Q

Wernicke’s area
located where ___
involved in ____

A
  • Rear temporal lobe
  • Speech comprehension
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10
Q

Can animals learn language?
Methods: (2)
Limitations: (3)

A

-uncertain

Methods: teach ASL, use
keyboard symbol

Limitations: no syntax, don’t have
same vocal system, don’t make
own phrases

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11
Q

Monolingualism

➔ Biological factors
◆ Born w ___
◆ Contains ____

➔ Biological factors proof
◆_____
◆ Languages have _____

A

language acquisition device
general grammar rules

➔ Biological factors proof
◆ Kids easily learn
◆ Languages have similar structure

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12
Q

Monolingualism

➔ Social learning
◆ Child-directed speech: _____
◆ Operant conditioning (?)

Cons
(2)

A

high-pitched intonation
praise leads to learn

Cons
- Parent’s don’t correct grammar, only truth
- Other factors contribute

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13
Q

Language acquisition support

A

factors in social environ that lead to learning language

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14
Q

Phoneme Discrimination
what age___

A

for any language, by 2 m/o

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15
Q

Psycholinguistics:

A

Study psychological aspects of lang

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16
Q

Mental representations (4)

A

Images, ideas, concepts, principles

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17
Q

Grammar:

A

Rules for symbols

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18
Q

Syntax:

A

Rules for order of words

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19
Q

Semantics:

A

Meaning of words

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20
Q

Speech segmentation:

A

perceive when word begins and ends

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21
Q

Telegraphic speech:

A

noun + verb phrase. By 2 y/o

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22
Q

Sensitive period:

A

infancy to puberty. Easy to learn lang

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23
Q

1-word speech
-by (what age?)
-word likely to be something ____

A

5-8 months
they can touch

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24
Q

The 2 types of Language Structure

A
  1. Surface structure
  2. Deep structure
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25
Surface structure
Symbols + order
26
Deep structure
Meaning of symbols
27
There are (?) phonemes. A phoneme is ____ and has no ____.
45 Smallest unit of speech sound that alter meaning - No meaning (eg: th)
28
Morphemes are ____. They are a combo of ___ and are the smallest unit of ___.
changes to root word (adjective/plural)) - Combo of phonemes - Smallest unit of meaning
29
Discourse
- Combo of sentences
30
Bilingual people - Score (?) as monoling on performance tests
- same
31
Bilingual people - Better at (4)
- Better at cognitive processing + reading + symbolism understanding + perceptual tasks
32
Bilingual people - Delays (?)
- Delays cognitive impairment
33
2nd language Present in (?) brain area as 1st lang when learned early. Less fluent=(?) areas
same diff
34
Critical theory hypothesis:
learn easy when young
35
Linguistic relativity hypothesis:
lang determines what we can think
36
3 types of thought
1. Propositional thought 2. Imaginal thought 3. Notoric thought
37
Propositional thought:
verbal phrases in mind
38
Imaginal thought:
images
39
Notoric thought:
mental representations of motor movements
40
Propositions
statements that express ideas
41
Concepts - basic units (categories) of (?) - Where we place (3) - Acquired through (?) - Defined by (?) - Prototypes differ for each person
semantic memory - objects, activities, similar events - Acquired through explicit instruction/observation - Defined by prototypes (compare similarities) - Prototypes differ for each person
42
Reasoning helps us (4)
acquire knowledge, make decisions, solve problems, avoid trial + error
43
Deductive Reasoning (aka ?) describe process
aka logic Reason from top-down (general to specific case) - 2 premises used to make a conclusion - Conclusion true if premises are true
44
Inductive Reasoning describe process
- Reason from bottom-up (facts to general principle) - Conclusion not certain (new fact can disprove)
45
Factors that influence reasoning (3)
-distraction by irrelevant info, -belief bias (ignore logical rules) -emotions + framing (info presented in diff ways)
46
Problem Solving Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3: Stage 4:
Stage 1: interpret + understand problem Stage 2: generate hypothesis + solutions Stage 3: test solutions/hypotheses to disconfirm Stage 4: evaluate results
47
Role of schemas in problem-solving (2)
➔ Algorithms: procedures that automatically generate correct sol’s ➔ Heuristics: quick/easy search procedures
48
Heuristic errors (2)
- Representativeness heuristic: see how close something is to our prototype + likelihood of belonging to category - Availability heuristic: decisions based on how much info in memory
49
Metacognition
understanding own cog abilities
50
Prototype:
typical member of category
51
Premises:
propositions assumed to be true
52
Mental set:
tendency to stick to solutions that worked in past
53
Means-end analysis (heuristic)
compare goal to present state and minimize difference
54
Subgoal analysis (heuristic):
make subgoals to reach goal
55
Confirmation bias:
look for info that confirms beliefs
56
Overconfidence:
overestimate correctness in knowledge
57
Schema:
pattern of thought about something
58
Script:
mental framework about sequence of events
59
Mental image:
representation of stimulus according to brain (eg: dream)
60
Visual neglect:
inability to visually perceive objects on one side of visual field when opposite hemisphere damaged
61
Functional Fixedness:
inability to use object for something other than original purpose
62
Experts do what when problem solving?
Use retrieval cues to use correct schema from LTM
63
Novices do what when problem solving?
use problem-solving in working memory
64
Wisdom
system of knowledge about meaning + conduct of life
65
Components of wisdom (5)
1. Rich factual knowledge about life 2. Rich procedural knowledge about life 3. Awareness that life involves diff contexts (aspects) 4. Awareness that values/priorities vary in societies 5. Ability to recognize + manage uncertainty
66
Mental images - Function like ____
- actual visual images
67
Mental images - Represented in brain as ___
- perceptual code
68
Mental images - Involve ___ recognition
spatial
69
Mental images - Imagery neurons fire in ___ neural parts as actual images
similar
70
Metacognition
- Awareness of own cognitive abilities
71
Metacomprehension:
knowing if you understand a concept
72
Metamemory:
awareness of memory capabilities
73
Metacognition consist of (2)
Metamemory + Metacomprehension

Psych 1003B (4 decks)

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