Chapter 12: Development

Question 1

Prenatal Development
3 stages

Answer 1

Germinal stage: from fertilization to 2 weeks
Embryonic stage: wk 2-8. Placenta + umbilical cord develop
Fetal stage: after wk 9. Muscles strengthen

Question 2

Sex of child determination

Answer 2

Determined by male’s X or Y chromosome
Y contains TDF (testis determining factor) gene
TDF leads to testes after 8 wks
Testes secrete androgens (sex hormone)

Question 3

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES on prenatal development

Answer 3

Teratogens
STD
Stress hormones can lead to later mental health issues
Nicotine: miscarriage, premature, low birth weight
Caffeine: brain development(cerebral cortex, hippocampus)

Question 4

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)
effects
cause

Answer 4

Cognitive, behavioural, physical deficits
Cause: prenatal exposure to alcohol

Question 5

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 5

Severe developmental abnormalities (facial, brain)
Social impairments (intellectual, attentional, perceptual, impulsive)

Question 6

Vision in infants

Answer 6

Near sighted (can see mother’s face breastfeeding)
Colour vision fully developed by 3 months

Question 7

infant visual Preferences

Answer 7

Complex patterns
Yellow + blue
Off-centered auditory, tactile, odours
Mother’s face

Question 8

Visual field almost adult size by ____
closue/proximity/depth by ___

Answer 8

Visual field almost adult size by 6 months
closue/proximity/depth by 3.5 months

Question 9

Sound localization

Answer 9

Born with it, lose at 2 months, regain at 4/5 months
Lack of practice (U shaped function)
Phonemes differentiation by 2 months
Perceive music like adults (rhythm, pitch, melody)

Question 10

Cross-sectional design

Answer 10

compare people of diff ages at pt in time

Question 11

Longitudinal design

Answer 11

Test same cohort as it ages

Question 12

Sequential design:

Answer 12

repeatedly testing several age cohorts as they grow older

Question 13

Zygote

Answer 13

fertilized egg

Question 14

Embryo

Answer 14

week 2-8

Question 15

Age of viability

Answer 15

28 wks

Question 16

Teratogens

Answer 16

environmental agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

Question 17

Preferential looking precocure

Answer 17

study infant visual preferences

Question 18

Maturation

Answer 18

genetic biological process that governs growth

Question 19

Development

Answer 19

change in abilities over time, discountinous

Question 20

Cephalocaudal principle

Answer 20

develop in head to foot direction

Question 21

Proximodistal principle:

Answer 21

develop inside to outside

Question 22

Brain growth= (2)

Answer 22

glial cells + synapses

Question 23

brain size w age
Newborn: ___ of adult weight
6 months: ___ of adult weight
4 yrs: ____ of adult weight
1st parts to develope are involved in __
___develops last

Answer 23

Newborn: 25% of adult weight
6 months: 50% of adult weight
4 yrs: 90% of adult weight
survival functions
Frontal cortex

Question 24

Motor development

Answer 24

Some U shaped (stepping reflex)
Develops in orderly sequence

Question 25

General facts about development

Answer 25

Biology sets limits on environmental influences Environmental influences can be powerful Biological + environmental factors interact

Question 26

Info-search strategies

Answer 26

Older children better at searching systematically of info

Question 27

Processing speed

Answer 27

Improves rapidly during childhood

Question 28

Piaget’s Stage model

Answer 28

Kids think differently than adults Cog development results from maturation + experience Brain builds schemas of increasing complexity

Question 29

Processes involved in piaget's model

Answer 29

Assimilation: new experiences incorporated into existing schemas Accommodation: new experiences change/create schemas