Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion Key Terms

Question 1

Motivation:

Answer 1

The urge to move toward one’s goals; to accomplish tasks.

Question 2

Needs:

Answer 2

Inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives.

Question 3

Drives:

Answer 3

The perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension.

Question 4

Incentive:

Answer 4

Any external object or event that motivates behavior.

Question 5

Homeostasis:

Answer 5

The process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium, or balance, around an optimal set point.

Question 6

Set point:

Answer 6

The ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature.

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson law:

Answer 7

The principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance.

Question 8

Self-actualization:

Answer 8

The inherent drive to realize one’s full potential.

Question 9

Glucose:

Answer 9

A simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain.

Question 10

Anorexia nervosa:

Answer 10

An eating disorder in which people cannot maintain 85% of their ideal body weight for their height, have an intense fear of eating, and have a distorted body image.

Question 11

Bulimia nervosa:

Answer 11

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and a perceived lack of control during the eating session.

Question 12

Sexual behavior:

Answer 12

Actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm.

Question 13

Sexual orientation:

Answer 13

Sexual orientation refers to a person’s inherent romantic, emotional and sexual attraction to other people–whether same sex, opposite sex, or both.

Question 14

Achievement motivation:

Answer 14

A desire to do things well and overcome obstacles.

Question 15

Extrinsic motivation:

Answer 15

Motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praise.

Question 16

Intrinsic motivation:

Answer 16

Motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy.

Question 17

Perceived organizational support:

Answer 17

Employees’ beliefs about how much the organization appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being.

Question 18

Emotions:

Answer 18

Brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation.

Question 19

Moods:

Answer 19

Affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emotions.

Question 20

Affective traits:

Answer 20

Stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses.

Question 21

Basic emotions:

Answer 21

The set of emotions that are common to all humans; includes anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

Question 22

Broaden-and-build model:

Answer 22

Fredrickson’s model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills.

Question 23

Self-conscious emotions:

Answer 23

Types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by society’s rules.

Question 24

Appraisal:

Answer 24

Evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one’s own welfare; this evaluation drives the process by which emotions are elicited.

Question 25

Emotional regulation:

Answer 25

The cognitive and behavioral efforts people make to modify their emotions.

Question 26

Reappraisal:

Answer 26

An emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluates an event, so that a different emotion results.

Question 27

Expressive suppression:

Answer 27

A response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion.

Question 28

Universal:

Answer 28

Common to all human beings and seen in cultures all over the world.

Question 29

Facial Action Coding System (FACS):

Answer 29

A widely used method for measuring all observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face.

Question 30

Duchenne smile:

Answer 30

A smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye.

Question 31

Subjective experience of emotion:

Answer 31

The changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses.

Question 32

James-Lange theory of emotion:

Answer 32

The idea that it is the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience.

Question 33

Facial feedback hypothesis:

Answer 33

Sensory feedback from the facial musculature during expression affects emotional experience.

Question 34

Neurocultural theory of emotion:

Answer 34

Ekman’s explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotion regulation, are culturally derived.

Question 35

Display rules:

Answer 35

Learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them.

Question 36

Emotional intelligence:

Answer 36

The ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others, empathic understanding, and skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others.