chapter 11, muscles

Question 1

What is the origin of a muscle?

Answer 1

The fixed attachment point of a muscle.

Question 2

What is the insertion of a muscle?

Answer 2

The moveable attachment point of a muscle.

Question 3

Define action in the context of muscle movements.

Answer 3

The movement produced by a muscle.

Question 4

What is a prime mover (agonist)?

Answer 4

The main muscle responsible for a movement.

Question 5

What role does a synergist play in muscle movement?

Answer 5

A muscle that assists the prime mover.

Question 6

What is the function of an antagonist muscle?

Answer 6

A muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover.

Question 7

What is a fixator in muscle actions?

Answer 7

A muscle that stabilizes a joint or the origin of a prime mover.

Question 8

What does flexion mean in muscle movements?

Answer 8

Decreasing the angle between two bones.

Question 9

What is extension in the context of muscle actions?

Answer 9

Increasing the angle between two bones.

Question 10

Define abduction.

Answer 10

Moving a limb away from the midline.

Question 11

What is adduction?

Answer 11

Moving a limb toward the midline.

Question 12

What does rotation refer to in muscle movements?

Answer 12

Turning a bone around its own axis.

Question 13

What is circumduction?

Answer 13

Moving a limb in a circular motion.

Question 14

What does elevation mean in terms of muscle actions?

Answer 14

Raising a body part (e.g., shrugging shoulders).

Question 15

Define depression in muscle movements.

Answer 15

Lowering a body part.

Question 16

What is protraction?

Answer 16

Moving a body part forward (e.g., jutting chin forward).

Question 17

What does retraction mean?

Answer 17

Moving a body part backward.

Question 18

Define supination.

Answer 18

Rotating the palm upward.

Question 19

What is pronation?

Answer 19

Rotating the palm downward.

Question 20

What does dorsiflexion refer to?

Answer 20

Lifting the foot towards the shin.

Question 21

What is plantar flexion?

Answer 21

Pointing the toes downward.

Question 22

What does location refer to in muscle naming conventions?

Answer 22

Named for the structure they are near (e.g., temporalis near the temporal bone).

Question 23

How is muscle shape used in naming conventions?

Answer 23

Named for their shape (e.g., deltoid is triangular).

Question 24

What size descriptors are used in muscle naming?

Answer 24

Terms like major, minor, maximus, minimus, longus, and brevis.

Question 25

What does the direction of fibers indicate in muscle naming?

Answer 25

Rectus (straight), transversus (across), oblique (angled).

Question 26

What does the number of origins refer to in muscle naming?

Answer 26

Biceps (two origins), triceps (three origins), quadriceps (four origins).

Question 27

What is the significance of action in muscle naming?

Answer 27

Named for their function (e.g., flexor, extensor, abductor).

Question 28

What do attachment points indicate in muscle naming?

Answer 28

Named for their origin and insertion (e.g., sternocleidomastoid).

Question 29

What is the function of the frontalis muscle?

Answer 29

Raises eyebrows.

Question 30

What does the orbicularis oculi muscle do?

Answer 30

Closes eyelids.

Question 31

What is the action of the orbicularis oris muscle?

Answer 31

Closes and puckers lips.

Question 32

What is the role of the masseter muscle?

Answer 32

Elevates the mandible (chewing muscle).

Question 33

What does the temporalis muscle assist with?

Answer 33

Assists masseter in chewing.

Question 34

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 34

Rotates and flexes the neck.

Question 35

What does the pectoralis major muscle do?

Answer 35

Adducts and flexes the humerus.

Question 36

What is the action of the rectus abdominis muscle?

Answer 36

Flexes the spine.

Question 37

What does the external oblique muscle do?

Answer 37

Rotates the trunk.

Question 38

What is the function of the internal oblique muscle?

Answer 38

Works with the external oblique to rotate the trunk.

Question 39

What does the transversus abdominis muscle do?

Answer 39

Compresses the abdomen.

Question 40

What is the role of the diaphragm?

Answer 40

Prime mover for respiration.

Question 41

What do intercostal muscles assist with?

Answer 41

Breathing by expanding the ribcage.

Question 42

What is the function of the trapezius muscle?

Answer 42

Elevates, retracts, and depresses the scapula.

Question 43

What does the latissimus dorsi muscle do?

Answer 43

Extends, adducts, and rotates the arm.

Question 44

What is the role of the erector spinae muscle?

Answer 44

Extends the spine and maintains posture.

Question 45

What does the deltoid muscle do?

Answer 45

Abducts the arm.

Question 46

What is the action of the biceps brachii muscle?

Answer 46

Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.

Question 47

What does the triceps brachii muscle do?

Answer 47

Extends the elbow.

Question 48

What is the role of the brachialis muscle?

Answer 48

Assists the biceps in flexing the elbow.

Question 49

What does the flexor carpi radialis muscle do?

Answer 49

Flexes the wrist.

Question 50

What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?

Answer 50

Flexes the wrist.

Question 51

What does the extensor carpi radialis muscle do?

Answer 51

Extends the wrist.

Question 52

What is the role of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle?

Answer 52

Extends the wrist.

Question 53

What does the gluteus maximus muscle do?

Answer 53

Extends the hip.

Question 54

What is the action of the gluteus medius muscle?

Answer 54

Abducts the hip.

Question 55

What does the quadriceps femoris muscle group do?

Answer 55

Extends the knee (includes rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius).

Question 56

What is the function of the hamstrings?

Answer 56

Flex the knee and extend the hip (includes biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus).

Question 57

What does the adductor group do?

Answer 57

Adducts the thigh.

Question 58

What is the action of the tibialis anterior muscle?

Answer 58

Dorsiflexes the foot.

Question 59

What does the gastrocnemius muscle do?

Answer 59

Plantar flexes the foot (calf muscle).

Question 60

What is the role of the soleus muscle?

Answer 60

Assists gastrocnemius in plantar flexion.

Question 61

What do peroneus (fibularis) muscles do?

Answer 61

Evert and plantar flex the foot.

Question 62

What is tendinitis?

Answer 62

Inflammation of a tendon.

Question 63

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 63

Compression of the median nerve in the wrist.

Question 64

What is a hernia?

Answer 64

Protrusion of an organ through a muscle wall.

Question 65

What is a muscle strain?

Answer 65

Overstretching or tearing of muscle fibers.

Question 66

Define muscle atrophy.

Answer 66

Decrease in muscle mass due to disuse.

Question 67

What is compartment syndrome?

Answer 67

Increased pressure in a muscle compartment leading to reduced blood flow.