chapter 8, skeletal system: bone joints

Question 1

What is a synarthrosis joint?

Answer 1

Immovable joints (e.g., skull sutures)

Synarthrosis joints do not allow movement.

Question 2

What is an amphiarthrosis joint?

Answer 2

Slightly movable joints (e.g., intervertebral discs)

Amphiarthrosis joints allow limited movement.

Question 3

What is a diarthrosis joint?

Answer 3

Freely movable joints (e.g., knee, shoulder)

Diarthrosis joints allow a wide range of motion.

Question 4

What characterizes fibrous joints?

Answer 4

Bones joined by dense connective tissue; little to no movement

Fibrous joints include sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses.

Question 5

What are sutures?

Answer 5

Immovable joints in the skull

Sutures are a type of fibrous joint.

Question 6

What are gomphoses?

Answer 6

Joint where teeth fit into their sockets

Gomphoses are specialized fibrous joints.

Question 7

What are syndesmoses?

Answer 7

Bones connected by ligaments (e.g., tibia and fibula)

Syndesmoses allow for some movement.

Question 8

What defines cartilaginous joints?

Answer 8

Bones joined by cartilage; limited movement

Cartilaginous joints include synchondroses and symphyses.

Question 9

What are synchondroses?

Answer 9

Bones united by hyaline cartilage (e.g., rib-sternum connection)

Synchondroses are a type of cartilaginous joint.

Question 10

What are symphyses?

Answer 10

Bones united by fibrocartilage (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs)

Symphyses allow for limited movement.

Question 11

What are synovial joints?

Answer 11

Joints with a fluid-filled cavity, allowing free movement

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint.

Question 12

What is the function of articular cartilage?

Answer 12

Hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces

Articular cartilage helps reduce friction in synovial joints.

Question 13

What is synovial fluid?

Answer 13

Lubricates the joint, reducing friction

Synovial fluid is produced by the synovial membrane.

Question 14

What is the joint (articular) capsule?

Answer 14

Encloses the joint cavity, composed of fibrous layer and synovial membrane

The capsule helps stabilize the joint.

Question 15

What is the fibrous layer of the joint capsule?

Answer 15

Outer dense connective tissue

It provides structural support to the joint.

Question 16

What is the synovial membrane?

Answer 16

Produces synovial fluid

The synovial membrane lines the joint capsule.

Question 17

What are ligaments?

Answer 17

Connect bones and stabilize joints

Ligaments are crucial for joint stability.

Question 18

What are tendons?

Answer 18

Connect muscle to bone, aiding movement

Tendons play a key role in joint function.

Question 19

What are bursae?

Answer 19

Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction

Bursae are found in areas where friction occurs.

Question 20

What are menisci (articular discs)?

Answer 20

Fibrocartilage pads that stabilize joints (e.g., knee)

Menisci help distribute weight and absorb shock.

Question 21

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

Answer 21

Multiaxial movement (e.g., shoulder, hip)

Ball-and-socket joints allow for a wide range of motion.

Question 22

What is a hinge joint?

Answer 22

Movement in one plane (e.g., elbow, knee)

Hinge joints allow flexion and extension.

Question 23

What is a pivot joint?

Answer 23

Rotational movement (e.g., atlas and axis vertebrae)

Pivot joints enable rotation around an axis.

Question 24

What is a saddle joint?

Answer 24

Allows movement in two planes (e.g., thumb joint)

Saddle joints provide greater mobility than hinge joints.

Question 25

What is a plane (gliding) joint?

Answer 25

Sliding motion (e.g., carpal and tarsal bones) ## Footnote Plane joints allow bones to glide past each other.

Question 26

What is a condylar (ellipsoid) joint?

Answer 26

Biaxial movement (e.g., wrist) ## Footnote Condylar joints allow movement in two directions.

Question 27

What is flexion?

Answer 27

Decreasing the angle between bones (e.g., bending elbow) ## Footnote Flexion is the opposite of extension.

Question 28

What is extension?

Answer 28

Increasing the angle between bones (e.g., straightening knee) ## Footnote Extension returns the body part to its original position.

Question 29

What is hyperextension?

Answer 29

Extension beyond normal range ## Footnote Hyperextension can lead to injury.

Question 30

What is abduction?

Answer 30

Moving a limb away from the body’s midline ## Footnote Abduction is the opposite of adduction.

Question 31

What is adduction?

Answer 31

Moving a limb toward the body’s midline ## Footnote Adduction decreases the angle between the limb and the midline.

Question 32

What is circumduction?

Answer 32

Circular motion (e.g., arm circles) ## Footnote Circumduction combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Question 33

What is rotation?

Answer 33

Bone turns around its axis (e.g., shaking head 'no') ## Footnote Rotation can be internal or external.

Question 34

What is supination?

Answer 34

Palm facing upward ## Footnote Supination occurs in the forearm.

Question 35

What is pronation?

Answer 35

Palm facing downward ## Footnote Pronation is the opposite of supination.

Question 36

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 36

Lifting toes upward ## Footnote Dorsiflexion occurs at the ankle.

Question 37

What is plantar flexion?

Answer 37

Pointing toes downward ## Footnote Plantar flexion also occurs at the ankle.

Question 38

What is inversion?

Answer 38

Turning sole of foot inward ## Footnote Inversion is common in ankle movements.

Question 39

What is eversion?

Answer 39

Turning sole of foot outward ## Footnote Eversion is the opposite of inversion.

Question 40

What is protraction?

Answer 40

Moving a body part forward (e.g., jutting jaw) ## Footnote Protraction is a movement in the anterior direction.

Question 41

What is retraction?

Answer 41

Moving a body part backward ## Footnote Retraction is the opposite of protraction.

Question 42

What is elevation?

Answer 42

Raising a body part (e.g., shrugging shoulders) ## Footnote Elevation involves moving a body part superiorly.

Question 43

What is depression?

Answer 43

Lowering a body part ## Footnote Depression is the opposite of elevation.

Question 44

What is arthritis?

Answer 44

Inflammation of joints ## Footnote Arthritis can affect joint function and mobility.

Question 45

What is osteoarthritis (OA)?

Answer 45

Wear-and-tear degeneration of joints ## Footnote OA is the most common form of arthritis.

Question 46

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer 46

Autoimmune attack on joint tissues ## Footnote RA can lead to joint deformities and chronic pain.

Question 47

What is gouty arthritis (Gout)?

Answer 47

Uric acid crystal buildup in joints ## Footnote Gout often affects the big toe and causes severe pain.

Question 48

What is a sprain?

Answer 48

Ligament stretch or tear ## Footnote Sprains can cause swelling and pain.

Question 49

What is a dislocation (Luxation)?

Answer 49

Bone forced out of joint alignment ## Footnote Dislocations require medical attention to realign the bones.

Question 50

What is tendonitis?

Answer 50

Inflammation of a tendon ## Footnote Tendonitis can result from repetitive motion or overuse.

Question 51

What is bursitis?

Answer 51

Inflammation of a bursa ## Footnote Bursitis can cause pain and swelling in affected joints.