chapter 5, human tissues

Question 1

What is Histology?

Answer 1

The study of tissues.

Question 2

Define Tissue.

Answer 2

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

Question 3

What does Extracellular Matrix (ECM) refer to?

Answer 3

Non-cellular components surrounding cells, including fibers and ground substance.

Question 4

What is Ground Substance?

Answer 4

Gel-like material that fills spaces between cells and fibers.

Question 5

What is the Basement Membrane?

Answer 5

A thin layer of connective tissue supporting epithelial tissue.

Question 6

Define Stem Cells.

Answer 6

Undifferentiated cells that can develop into various tissue types.

Question 7

What does Differentiation mean?

Answer 7

The process by which cells become specialized.

Question 8

List the four primary tissue types.

Answer 8

• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective Tissue
• Muscle Tissue
• Nervous Tissue

Question 9

What is Epithelium?

Answer 9

A layer of cells covering body surfaces or lining cavities.

Question 10

What is Simple Epithelium?

Answer 10

One layer of cells.

Question 11

What is Stratified Epithelium?

Answer 11

Multiple layers of cells.

Question 12

Define Squamous Cells.

Answer 12

Flat, thin cells.

Question 13

Define Cuboidal Cells.

Answer 13

Cube-shaped cells.

Question 14

Define Columnar Cells.

Answer 14

Tall, column-like cells.

Question 15

What is Pseudostratified Epithelium?

Answer 15

Appears layered but is actually a single layer. Often has cilia.

Question 16

Where is Transitional Epithelium?

Answer 16

Found in the urinary bladder; stretches and changes shape.

Question 17

What are Goblet Cells?

Answer 17

Mucus-secreting cells found in some epithelial tissues.

Question 18

What is Connective Tissue Proper?

Answer 18

Loose and dense connective tissues.

Question 19

What are the components of Loose Connective Tissue?

Answer 19

• Areolar tissue
• Adipose (fat) tissue
• Reticular tissue

Question 20

What are the components of Dense Connective Tissue?

Answer 20

• Dense regular
• Dense irregular
• Elastic tissue

Question 21

What are Collagen Fibers?

Answer 21

Strong, thick fibers providing structural support.

Question 22

What are Elastic Fibers?

Answer 22

Fibers that allow tissues to stretch and recoil.

Question 23

What are Reticular Fibers?

Answer 23

Thin fibers forming a supportive network in organs.

Question 24

What are Fibroblasts?

Answer 24

Cells that produce connective tissue fibers.

Question 25

What are Macrophages?

Answer 25

Immune cells that engulf debris and pathogens.

Question 26

What are Mast Cells?

Answer 26

Cells that release histamine and play a role in inflammation.

Question 27

What are Adipocytes?

Answer 27

Fat-storing cells.

Question 28

What is Cartilage?

Answer 28

A flexible connective tissue.

Question 29

List the types of Cartilage.

Answer 29

* Hyaline Cartilage * Elastic Cartilage * Fibrocartilage

Question 30

Where is Hyaline Cartilage?

Answer 30

Found in joints and the ribcage.

Question 31

Where is Elastic Cartilage?

Answer 31

Found in the ear.

Question 32

Where is Fibrocartilage?

Answer 32

Found in intervertebral discs.

Question 33

What are Chondrocytes?

Answer 33

Cells found in cartilage.

Question 34

What is Bone (Osseous Tissue)?

Answer 34

A hard connective tissue.

Question 35

What are Osteocytes?

Answer 35

Mature bone cells.

Question 36

What is Blood?

Answer 36

A fluid connective tissue.

Question 37

What is Plasma?

Answer 37

The liquid part of blood.

Question 38

What are Erythrocytes?

Answer 38

Red blood cells (RBCs).

Question 39

What are Leukocytes?

Answer 39

White blood cells (WBCs).

Question 40

What are Platelets (Thrombocytes)?

Answer 40

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

Question 41

What is Skeletal Muscle?

Answer 41

Voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones.

Question 42

What is Cardiac Muscle?

Answer 42

Involuntary, striated muscle found in the heart.

Question 43

What is Smooth Muscle?

Answer 43

Involuntary, non-striated muscle found in internal organs.

Question 44

What are Intercalated Discs?

Answer 44

Specialized junctions between cardiac muscle cells. Helps heart beat as a unit

Question 45

What are Striations?

Answer 45

Stripes found in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Question 46

What are Neurons?

Answer 46

Nerve cells that transmit electrical signals.

Question 47

What are Neuroglia (Glial Cells)?

Answer 47

Supportive cells in the nervous system.

Question 48

What are Dendrites?

Answer 48

Branch-like structures that receive signals.

Question 49

What is an Axon?

Answer 49

The long projection that transmits electrical signals.

Question 50

What is a Synapse?

Answer 50

The junction between two neurons.

Question 51

What is Hyperplasia?

Answer 51

Increase in cell number.

Question 52

What is Hypertrophy?

Answer 52

Increase in cell size.

Question 53

What is Atrophy?

Answer 53

Shrinkage of tissue due to disuse or aging.

Question 54

What is Necrosis?

Answer 54

Accidental cell death due to injury.

Question 55

What is Apoptosis?

Answer 55

Programmed cell death.

Question 56

What is Regeneration?

Answer 56

Replacement of damaged tissue with the same type of cells.

Question 57

What is Fibrosis?

Answer 57

Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue (collagen).