Chapter 1.1 Psychology: Evolution Of A Science

Question 1

Edward Titchener

Answer 1

• Focused on identifying basic elements of consciousness
• Flaws emerged and it failed
• Mostly due to introspective method
• Wundt’s student
• Cornell

Question 2

Measure and predict thought, behavior, and brain processes

Difficult because: (4)

Answer 2

1. People are different
2. People change over time
3. Each experience changes you
4. Always developing

Question 3

Behavior

Answer 3

Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman beings

Question 4

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 4

• Scientific psychology should focus on analyzing consciousnesses
• Taught other psychologists
• 1879

Question 5

Animism

Answer 5

There’s a spirit that moves the body

Question 6

1879

Answer 6

• Wundt opened first laboratory devoted to psychological studies
• Focus on sensation and perception
• Birth of Psychology
• Leipzig, Germany

Question 7

Hermann von Helmholtz

Answer 7

Measured speed of responses and recorded reaction times

Question 8

Marie Jean Pierre Flourens

Answer 8

Removed specific parts of animals’ brains and found actions different from other’s

Question 9

Psychology

Answer 9

Scientific study of mind, brain, and behavior And how they interact

Question 10

Abraham Maslow

Answer 10

Emphasis on positive potential of people

Question 11

There is some stability in phsychology because:

Answer 11

1. Mind and brain are tuned to the world
2. Modest degree of prediction

Question 12

Franz Joseph Gall

Answer 12

Thought brain was related to mind

Phrenology

Question 13

John Locke

Answer 13

• Knowledge is acquired
• Sensory experiences
• Completed ideas from simple ones

Question 14

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 14

Mind is what the brain does

Question 15

Mind

Answer 15

Private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings

Question 16

Phrenology

Answer 16

• Specific mental abilities and characteristics in different parts of the brain
• Franz Joseph Gall
• Bumps and indentations

Question 17

Luigi Galvani

Answer 17

Frog muscles

Question 18

Psychoanalysis

Answer 18

Freud

Active unconscious

Question 19

Pierre Flourens

Answer 19

Experimental ablation

Question 20

Aristotle

Answer 20

• Philosophical Empiricism
• A child’s mind is a tabula rosa (blank slate)
• Materialism

Question 21

Behaviorism

Answer 21

You can’t see the mind but you can see behaviors

Mind is not a subject of study

Question 22

René Descartes

Answer 22

• Argued that mind and body are different things
• Modified dualism
• Animals have no souls so some behavior doesn’t need it

Question 23

Levels of Explanation and Analysis:

Answer 23

• Social
  
  • Cultural
  • Interpersonal
• Individual
  
  • Individual Differences
  • Cognition
• Biological
  
  • Brain Systems
  • Neurological
  • Genetic

Question 24

Functionalism

Answer 24

Study of how mental processes enable people to adapt to their environments

Question 25

Structuralism

Answer 25

* Analysis of basic elements that constitute the mind * Wundt’s students created by building upon his approach * Introspection

Question 26

Dualism

Answer 26

Can’t study mind

Question 27

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 27

Max Wertheimer The whole is different from the sum of its parts NOT The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Question 28

Louis Victor Leborgne

Answer 28

* Damage to left side of brain * Could not talk (“tan” only syllable he could say) understood everything that was said and could communicate with gestures

Question 29

Paul Broca

Answer 29

* Worked with Louis Victor Leborgne * Concluded that damage to a specific part of the brain impaired a specific mental function

Question 30

Nativism

Answer 30

Philosophical views that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn Plato

Question 31

Introspection

Answer 31

Subjective observation of one’s own experience Tone and button experiment

Question 32

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 32

* Functionalism * Set up first psychology research lab in North America at John Hopkins University (1887)

Question 33

John Stuart Mill

Answer 33

Mind is a product of the brain

Question 34

Plato

Answer 34

Nativism

Question 35

William James

Answer 35

* Drew inspiration from Darwin * Mental abilities had evolved because they were adaptive * Functionalism

Question 36

Philosophical Empiricism

Answer 36

All knowledge is acquired through experience Aristotle