Test 3 Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
William James described the self as comprising the following two components:
A. the empirical and social self
B. the self-schema and me
C. the spiritual and material self
D. the I and the Me
A
D. the I and the Me
2
Q
Because our self-concepts change with experience, some psychologists have suggested that we should think of ourselves in terms of __________ and __________ selves.
A. fixed; malleable
B. static; dynamic
C. current/future
D. old; new
A
C. current/future
3
Q
Independent construal is to __________ as interdependent construal is to __________ .
A. uniqueness; autonomy
B. strong social bonds; self-reliance
C. autonomy; uniqueness
D. self-reliance; strong social bonds
A
D. self-reliance; strong social bonds
4
Q
When social psychologists study how the perceptions, thoughts, and motives of one person become known to other persons they are studying
A. personal psychology.
B. impression formation.
C. social cognition.
D. social perception.
A
B. impression formation.
5
Q
Which of the following are the two types of attributions?
A. Cognitive and behavioral
B. Internal and external
C. Biological and environmental
D. Social and nonsocial
A
B. Internal and external
6
Q
__________ is the aspect of attribution that focuses on the extent to which another person’s behavior is similar over time.
A. Consistency
B. Distinctiveness
C. Consensus
D. Stability
A
A. Consistency
7
Q
If a friend tells you that you are a good writer and you have other friends who tell you the same thing, you will likely attribute her remark as __________ due to __________ .
A. dispositional; consistency
B. situational; consensus
C. dispositional; distinctiveness
D. independent; consensus
A
B. situational; consensus
8
Q
Counter defensive self-serving biases are at play when we:
A. take the blame for negative events and avoid taking credit for positive events.
B. avoid taking credit for positive events and avoid taking blame for negative events.
C. take credit for positive events and avoid the blame for negative events.
D. none of the options
A
A. take the blame for negative events and avoid taking credit for positive events.
9
Q
Most people are likely to attribute the causes of other people’s behavior as being due to __________ rather than __________ .
A. personality factors; genetics
B. dispositional factors; situational factors
C. environmental factors; personality factors
D. situational factors; dispositional factors
A
B. dispositional factors; situational factors
10
Q
Suppose that on the first day of your psychology class, you observe a particular classmate to be a bit rude and arrogant. You attribute his conceit to his personality rather
than to the fact that something happened that may have upset him. Your attribution about the causes of his behavior is an example of the
A. actor-observer effect.
B. phenomenon known as belief in a just world.
C. fundamental attribution error.
D. false consensus error.
A
C. fundamental attribution error.
11
Q
The tendency of people to explain their own behavior in terms of situational factors and others’ behavior in terms of dispositional factors is termed
A. the distinctiveness principle.
B. the actor-observer effect.
C. self-serving bias.
D. the fundamental attribution error.
A
B. the actor-observer effect.
12
Q
The tendency of a person to perceive that his or her own views are representative of what others also perceive is called
A. the false consensus effect.
B. the actor-observer effect.
C. the representativeness heuristic.
D. the self-serving bias.
A
A. the false consensus effect.
13
Q
A heuristic by which people classify things into the category to which it appears to be the most similar is called the __________ heuristic.
A. representativeness
B. availability
C. similarity
D. base-rate
A
A. representativeness
14
Q
Devonia, a recent acquaintance of yours, is an attractive, outgoing, and ambitious woman. When someone asks you whether she is a secretary or a manager, you reply, “I don’t know for sure but knowing what she is like, I’d say that she is an executive.” Your response reflects the use of __________ heuristic.
A. base-rate
B. representativeness
C. actor-observer
D. availability
A
B. representativeness
15
Q
Attitudes consist of which three different components?
A. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
B. Consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness
C. Dispositional, intuitional, and situational
D. Affective, behavioral, and cognitive
A
D. Affective, behavioral, and cognitive
16
Q
Cognitive dissonance theory states that
A. people habituate to mild dissonance.
B. dissonance reduction is motivated by an aversive state of tension.
C. self-confident people experience the least dissonance.
D. attitudes, but not behaviors, are the source of dissonance.
A
B. dissonance reduction is motivated by an aversive state of tension.
17
Q
Antonio is an environmentalist who works in a local logging mill. Although he feels that working at the mill is a contradiction, he says that it was the only job he could find, and now that he has gotten two raises, he is making more money there than he could if he were to find another job. In this example, Antonio
A. maintained dissonance by justifying his behavior.
B. reduced dissonance by changing one of the dissonant elements.
C. reduced dissonance by reducing the importance of one of the
dissonant elements.
D. reduced dissonance by adding consonant elements.
A
D. reduced dissonance by adding consonant elements.
18
Q
Which participants in the Festinger and Carlsmith study justified their behavior by changing their attitudes?
A. Those who were paid $30
B. Those who were paid $20
C. Those who were paid $1
D. The control participants (who were paid nothing)
A
C. Those who were paid $1
19
Q
The theory that we come to understand our attitudes and emotions by observing our own behavior and the circumstances in which it occurs is called __________ theory.
A. self-perception
B. cognitive dissonance
C. self-concept
D. self-schema
A
A. self-perception
20
Q
Research by Zajonc showed that the more people viewed nonsense words, the more they like them. Zajonc termed this outcome the
A. mere exposure effect.
B. repetition effect.
C. consistency effect.
D. representativeness effect
A
A. mere exposure effect.
21
Q
Liking is a function of which factors?
A. proximity, consensus, reciprocity, attractiveness, similarity
B. familiarity, mere exposure, attractiveness, reciprocity
C. proximity, attractiveness, reciprocity, uniqueness, familiarity D. reciprocity, familiarity, similarity, attractiveness, proximity
A
D. reciprocity, familiarity, similarity, attractiveness, proximity
22
Q
Which of the following is not a factor that forms the basis of who we like?
A. proximity
B. familiarity
C. similarity
D. bonding
A
D. bonding
23
Q
At a party, James’ friends, who are under 21, are drinking alcohol and pressure him to join them. Although James is also underage and does not agree with underage drinking, he starts drinking as well. This is an example of:
A. consensus
B. obedience
C. compliance
D. acceptance
A
C. compliance
24
Q
Social Influence includes which of the following:
A. obedience
B. conformity and compliance
C. acceptance
D. all of the options.
A
D. all of the options.
25
Which of the following does not shape the degree to which we conform to a group?
A. our beliefs
B. our status
C. the cohesiveness of the group
D. the degree to which unanimity exists in the group
A. our beliefs
26
According to Sternberg's theory of love, companionate love includes
A. intimacy and commitment.
B. passion and commitment.
C. intimacy, passion, and commitment.
D. intimacy and passion.
A. intimacy and commitment.
27
Accompanying physical attractiveness is the beautiful-person stereotype (halo effect); that is, the belief that attractive people
A. are not likely to be attracted to others.
B. are not likely to be capable of a long-term relationship.
C. are likely only to be attracted to others who are similarly
attractive.
D. are also more intelligent, more socially skilled, and happier.
D. are also more intelligent, more socially skilled, and happier.
28
The percieved outgroup homogeneity effect occurs as a function of which social cognitive process?
A. Heuristics
B. interpretation
C. Impression formation
D. Stereotyping
D. Stereotyping
29
If Spearman's g theory is correct, then the scores on a set of tests of independent intellectual abilities that are administered to the same group of people should be
A. random.
B. perfectly correlated.
C. at least moderately correlated.
D. unrelated.
C. at least moderately correlated.
30
The first intelligence measure developed by Binet and Simon (1905) was intended to
A. measure the intelligence of preschoolers.
B. identify gifted children.
C. establish intellectual norms for the French population.
D. identify children who could benefit from special academic
instruction.
D. identify children who could benefit from special academic
| instruction.
31
In class we discussed the fact that genetic factors account for approximately what percentage of the population variation in intelligence?
A. we cannot tell
B. 25 to 40%
C. 60 to 75%
D. 50%
C. 60 to 75%
32
For a test to be valid, it would have to
A. none of the options apply
B. be a reliable measure
C. consistently produce similar results
D. actually measure the construct it is intended to measure
D. actually measure the construct it is intended to measure
33
Standardization refers to the fact that
A. the factor loadings on a test are all equal.
B. the test is free of cultural and linguistic biases.
C. a test is administered in the same manner.
D. the test is valid for all age groups.
C. a test is administered in the same manner.
34
Crystalized intelligence
A. is the ability to deal with novel problems
B. none of the options apply
C. requires speed, fluency, and flexibility
D. declines with age
C. requires speed, fluency, and flexibility
35
Thurstones understanding of intelligence could be described as fitting in which of the following categories:
A. none of the options apply
B. hierarchical
C. oligarchic
D. monarchic
C. oligarchic
36
The overjustification effect suggests that when __________ are increased __________ will be decreased.
A. behaviors; extrinsic motivation
B. intrinsic rewards; extrinsic motivation
C. extrinsic motivations; behavior
D. extrinsic rewards; intrinsic motivation
D. extrinsic rewards; intrinsic motivation
37
Physiologically based motives have 3 critical components - identify these three from the options below:
A. wants, needs, desires
B. drives, needs, desires
C. instincts, needs, drives
D. instincts, wants, desires
C. instincts, needs, drives
38
Emotions appear to serve useful functions in any culture because they:
A. communicate important information to other members of that culture
B. release pent-up energy
C. help people feel good about themselves
D. help individauls understand their own behavior
A. communicate important information to other members of that culture
39
According to the James-Lange theory, we
A. feel sorry and cry because of socialization processes.
B. feel sorry because we cry.
C. cry because we feel sorry.
D. feel sorry and cry because of reinforcement contingencies.
B. feel sorry because we cry.
40
The theory that the experience of emotion is preceded by physiological arousal which is then interpreted cognitively is called the __________ theory of emotion.
```
A. antigens; antibodies
B. Schacter-Singer or two-factor
C. James-Lange
D. none of the options
E. Cannon-Bard
```
B. Schacter-Singer or two-factor
41
Stereotypes are to _____________ as prejudice is to: ____________?
A. thoughts, behavior.
B. behavior, action.
C. feelings, thoughts.
D. thoughts, feelings.
D. thoughts, feelings.
B. behavior, action. ??
42
Stereotypes aid the conservation of effort motive in social cognition by bringing with them 4 ways in which they facilitate judgements. Which of the following lists of 4 correctly identify the 4 aids?
A. availibility, perception, expectations, interpretations
B. expectations, interpretations, explanations, and ignoring base rate information
C. expectations, representativeness, anchoring and adjustment, interpretations
D. expectations, interpretations, explanations, and standards
D. expectations, interpretations, explanations, and standards
43
Which of the following is an example of discrimination?
A. I believe that all professors are fascinating people.
B. I will not allow freshmen to sit at my table in the cafeteria.
C. I think that I am smarter than the other students in my class. D. I think to myself that all athletes are stupid.
B. I will not allow freshmen to sit at my table in the cafeteria.
44
Which of the following is a condition that any program aimed at reducing negative attitudes should be based upon:
A. contact should occur at the individual level
B. contact should be rewarding
C. intergroup contact must be supported by community norms D. all of the options
D. all of the options
45
One of the best ways to ensure that 2 groups will be prejudiced and discriminate against each other is to:
A. promote the creation of strong bonds within each group
B. tell each group the other group likes them
C. have the groups compete for scarce resources
D. tell each group the other group dislikes them
C. have the groups compete for scarce resources
46
An apparent but non-existent relationship between 2 distinct events or stimuli that we fall prey to in managing our self-image is called?
A. base-rate fallacy
B. false consensus
C. self-fulfilling prophecy
D. an illusory correlation
D. an illusory correlation
47
The process by which we identify a stimulus as a member of a class of related stimuli is called:
A. recognition
B. association
C. categorization
D. decision making
C. categorization
48
The two types (kinds) of aggression are known as:
A. intrumental and violent
B. hostile and instrumental
C. violent and direct
D. hostile and violent
B. hostile and instrumental
49
Hostile aggression is aggression that is:
A. aimed at achieving certain goals
B. based on anger
C. none of the options
D. expressed only indirectly
B. based on anger
50
The General Affective Aggression model argues that input variables arouse 3 internal processes which are then appraised resulting in behavior that is either aggresive/non-aggressive. These 3 internal processes are:
A. belief, feelings, actions
B. emotion, cognition, beliefs
C. arousal, emotion, and cognition
D. arousal, emotion, excitement
C. arousal, emotion, and cognition
51
Identify the three types of self serving biases that were discussed in class:
A. none of the options
B. counter productive, self deflating, and self fulfilling
C. counter defensive, self-enhancing, and self effacing
D. self-defacing, self-enhancing, and defensive
C. counter defensive, self-enhancing, and self effacing
52
Eysenck's theory of personality identified 3 trait dimensions. Identify which of the following forms part of Eysenck's theory?
A. insecurtiy vs. security
B. independence vs. conformity
C. impulsivity vs. no control
D. extraversion vs. introversion
D. extraversion vs. introversion
53
The personality factors described by Eysenck do NOT include which of the following?
A. Agreeableness
B. Aggressiveness
C. Self-control
D. Emotional stability
A. Agreeableness
54
In Freud's theory, the primary source of instinctual motivation for all psychic forces is __________, which is stored in the __________ .
A. libido; superego
B. psychic energy; ego
C. libido; id
D. the ego; unconscious
C. libido; id
55
According to Freud, the psychic entity that is the self and operates according to the reality principle is the
A. superego.
B. id.
C. ego-ideal.
D. ego.
D. ego.
56
According to Freud,thoughts in the unconscious are organized ____________ in contrast to the conscious where thoughts are organized ___________?
A. laterally; logically
B. associatively; logically
C. logically, associatively
D. none of the options apply
B. associatively; logically
57
Dothan is a man of few respectable morals. Interestingly, he spends a good deal of time accusing his business associates of being "morally bankrupt." Which defense mechanism does Dothan's behavior best illustrate?
A. Projection
B. Sublimation
C. Reaction formation
D. Rationalization
A. Projection
58
A person who behaves in a manner directly opposite of how he or she really feels is using a defense mechanism called
A. compensation.
B. sublimation.
C. reaction formation.
D. denial.
C. reaction formation.
59
Freud argued that failure to resolve the conflicts present in any stage of psychosexual development results in
A. anxiety.
B. repression.
C. fixation.
D. guilt.
C. fixation.
60
The heritable portion of personality is called
A. temperament
B. emotion
C. activity level
D. mood
A. temperament
61
The term "personality" is defined as
A. individual differences in cognition and behavior.
B. one's developmental experiences and physical characteristics that combine to produce uniqueness.
C. the enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that we express across time and situations, differentiating one person from another.
D. the different categories into which personality characteristics can be assigned.
C. the enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that we express across time and situations, differentiating one person from
another.
62
The basic underlying assumptions of the social cognitive approach directly oppose the underlying assumption of which other approach to personality?
A. humanistic
B. psychodynamic
C. none of the options
D. trait
B. psychodynamic
63
The kind of learning that you may experience that is based upon the consequences that another person experiences as are result of their behavior is called:
A. observational learning
B. operant conditioning
C. reciprocal determinism
D. classical conditioning
A. observational learning
64
The realization of one's true potential is referred to by Maslow as
A. self-fulfillment.
B. self-actualization.
C. conditions of worth.
D. the ideal self.
B. self-actualization.
65
In Rogers' view, the need for positive regard is something that
A. is universal.
B. we acquire through vicarious learning.
C. we acquire through the classical procedure.
D. is learned from how others feel about us.
A. is universal.
66
Rogers' views on personality development differed from Maslow's. Specifically, Rogers believed that personality development centers on
A. social perception.
B. the self-concept.
C. fulfilling a hierarchy of needs.
D. the other-concept.
B. the self-concept.
67
A person's confidence that she will be able to act as required in a particular situation in order to experience satisfying outcomes is what Bandura referred to as
A. self-efficacy.
B. expectancy.
C. self-advocacy.
D. competency.
A. self-efficacy.
68
The view that the behaviors that constitute an individual's personality are specific to given situations rather than long-term traits is known as
A. situational determinism.
B. situationism.
C. explicit environmentalism.
D. environmental determinism.
B. situationism.
69
The theoretical approach to personality that has the most positive view of human nature is the __________ approach.
A. trait
B. social cognitive
C. humanistic
D. psychodynamic
C. humanistic
70
Which of the theories of personality lacks fundamental assumptions about the nature of personality?
A. humanistic
B. existential
C. social-cognitive
D. trait theories
D. trait theories
71
Although trait theories contributed greatly to the ___________ of personality, they are also criticized because they ___________?
A. understanding; overemphasize the unconscious
B. ease of measurement; overemphasize the unconscious
C. understanding; rely too heavily on self-report
D. ease of measurement; describe personality well but fail to provide adequate explanations of personality
D. ease of measurement; describe personality well but fail to provide adequate explanations of personality
72
Existential theorists argued that human beings are free to make their own choices but are overcome by the anxiety this causes. They named the trap we fall into in which we see ourselves as having no choice
```
A. faithlessness
B. existential angst
C. bad faith
D. meaninglessness
E. single observations were made since repeated measures confounds data with practice effects.
```
C. bad faith
73
Research shows that people are less likely to help others when ______________, because of the experience of ____________
A. other people are around; groupthink
B. other people are around; the diffusion of responsibility
C. alone; fear
D. alone; not knowing how to react
B. other people are around; the diffusion of responsibility
74
The cognitive structure that organizes the knowledge, feelings, and beliefs that constitute the self-concept is called
A. the self-schema.
B. the self.
C. the core self.
D. the central trait.
A. the self-schema.
75
__________ refers to the way in which we integrate information about another person's characteristiscs into a coherent sense of who the person is.
A. Social perception
B. Social cognition
C. Impression formation
D. Personalizing
C. Impression formation
76
In attributing the causes of a person's behavior, we consider __________; that is, the extent to which the person displays the behavior only in a particular circumstance.
A. distinctiveness
B. commonality
C. consistency
D. precedence
A. distinctiveness
77
Self serving biases tend to occur most often when judgments are:
A. subjective, private, and concerning important topics
B. subjective, private, and concerning unimportant topics
C. objective, public, and concerning unimportant topics
D. objective, private, and concerning important topics
A. subjective, private, and concerning important topics
78
Jonas and Helene both failed their psychology tests. Jonas states that he failed because he was too tired on the day of the exam. If he commits the fundamental attribution error he will probably think that Helene failed because
A. she is not very intelligent.
B. she was also very tired on the day of the exam.
C. distractions occurred during the test period.
D. she did not have enough time to study.
A. she is not very intelligent.
79
Bill and Ben have an accident in which their cars collide. Bill blames the rainy weather for his skid. Ben blames Bill's bad driving skills for the accident and believes that his own driving was exemplary. In this case, Ben is displaying
A. the consensus principle.
B. the fundamental attribution error.
C. the distractiveness principle.
D. the actor-observer effect.
B. the fundamental attribution error.
D. the actor-observer effect.
80
An enduring evaluation of an object or event, positive or negative, is called a
A. strong opinion
B. belief
C. attitude
D. norm
C. attitude
81
According to Festinger, inconsistencies between behavior and cognitions give rise to __________ , which motivate(s) a person to __________ it.
A. dissonance; reduce
B. counter attitudinal behavior; increase
C. arousal; increase
D. dissonance; maintain
A. dissonance; reduce
82
Angela is a vegetarian who works in a local fast-food restaurant, where the main fare is burgers and hot dogs. Although she feels that working at the restaurant is a contradiction, she says that vegetarianism is not the central belief system in her life and that supporting herself is more important. In this example, Angela
A. maintained dissonance by justifying her behavior.
B. reduced dissonance by adding consonant elements.
C. reduced dissonance by reducing the importance of one of the dissonant elements.
D. reduced dissonance by changing one of the dissonant elements.
C. reduced dissonance by reducing the importance of one of the dissonant elements.
83
If you see someone doing something for no observable reason, you are likely to infer a dispositional factor--she or he must like to do it. If the someone is you, you are likely to do the same--"I must like to do it." This type of account is most consistent with the __________ theory.
A. self-perception
B. self-schema
C. cognitive dissonance
D. self-regulation
A. self-perception
84
After Demetri first meets Ivana, the more he sees her, the more he likes her. This example reflects the
A. representativeness effect.
B. actor-observer effect.
C. repetition principle.
D. mere exposure effect.
D. mere exposure effect.
85
Which is not a factor that predicts liking?
A. similarity
B. reciprocity
C. proximity
D. status
D. status
86
In his studies of college students' perception of line length, Asch showed that
A. produced cognitive dissonance.
B. the task distorted visual perception.
C. the majority of the participants conformed with the confederates' responses.
D. established new norms.
C. the majority of the participants conformed with the confederates' responses.
87
George and Martha are in a relationship, but their feelings are very different. George is experiencing "fatuous love" whereas Martha is experiencing "romantic love." According to Sternberg's theory, which element of love do they both feel?
A. Intimacy and passion
B. Intimacy
C. Intimacy and commitment
D. Passion
D. Passion
88
Pascale is an eight-year-old who loves reading. One day her mother announces that she will pay Pascale one dollar for every book she finishes. According to the __________ effect, the amount Pascale reads should __________ .
A. underjustification; decrease
B. overjustification; decrease
C. stimulus deprivation; decrease
D. overjustification; increase
B. overjustification; decrease
89
Doing something because you enjoy doing it is based upon an:
A. extrinsic motivation
B. external locus of control
C. internal locus of control
D. intrinsic motivation
D. intrinsic motivation
90
According to the James-Lange theory, feelings of emotions
A. are caused by our cognitions.
B. are by-products of physiological and behavioral responses.
C. are experienced directly.
D. precede emotional responses.
B. are by-products of physiological and behavioral responses.
Or
C. are experienced directly.
????????????????
91
According to Schachter and Singer's two factor theory of emotion, we have
A. different reactions to all emotional stimuli.
B. the experience of emotion first followed by a physiological response.
C. different physiological reactions to stimuli and then experience varying emotions
D. the same physiological reaction to all emotional stimuli, but we interpret that reaction differently in different contexts.
B. the experience of emotion first followed by a physiological response.
C. different physiological reactions to stimuli and then experience varying emotions
D. the same physiological reaction to all emotional stimuli, but we interpret that reaction differently in different contexts.
92
An attitude or evaluation that is usually negatively valenced and generally focused on a particular group of people is called a
A. discrimination.
B. prejudice.
C. bias.
D. stereotype.
B. prejudice.
93
What is the name of the research paradigm that clearly illustrated the effects of social identity (group membership) on shaping how we differentially judge and treat people who belong to our own group and those who belong to the outgroup?
A. the social identity paradigm
B. the minimal intergroup paradigm
C. the impression formation paradigm
D. the ingroup-outgroup paradigm
B. the minimal intergroup paradigm
94
Discrimination is to _____________ as feelings are to ____________?
A. none of the options
B. behavior, prejudice
C. feelings, behavior
D. stereotypes, thoughts
B. behavior, prejudice
95
Which of the following is the condition that is most critical for any program aimed at reducing negative attitudes to be successful:
A. the groups must share a superordinate goal
B. none of these options
C. contact between members of the groups must occur on an individual basis
D. contact between members of the groups must be rewarding
A. the groups must share a superordinate goal
96
Behavior that is intended to cause harm to another is called:
A. assertiveness
B. premeditation
C. aggression
D. violence
C. aggression
97
In Eysenck's model of personality, __________ is considered to be the polar opposite of psychoticism.
A. self-control
B. neuroticism
C. emotional stability
D. introversion
A. self-control
98
Freud's later proposal concerning the instinctive basis of behavior was that is a function of 2 basic drives which he named:
A. thanatos and aggression
B. Eros and thanatos
C. Eros and libido
D. sex and aggression
B. Eros and thanatos
99
Freud proposed that the mind/mental processes are split into 3 sectors. Which of the following does not belong in this group?
A. preconscious
B. conscious
C. ego.
D. unconscious
C. ego.
100
Freud believed that libidinal development was the key to personality and that we move through various stages of psychosexual development. Which of the following is NOT one of the stages that he identified?
A. sexual
B. latent
C. oral
D. anal
A. sexual
101
Effective research on personality requires two kinds of efforts or approaches. They are
A. classifying people into certain groups, and distinguishing the features of the groups.
B. classifying people into certain groups and studying them longitudinally to determine how they are changed by subsequent experience.
C. relating information learned from animal models and distinguishing the differences between those models and different human populations.
D. identifying personality characteristics and determining the variables that produce and control them.
D. identifying personality characteristics and determining the variables that produce and control them.
102
From Rogers' perspective, what must therapists provide for their clients?
A. A reliance on self
B. Conditions of worth
C. Positive regard
D. Unconditional positive regard
D. Unconditional positive regard
103
Just as the psychodynamic approach was criticized because of its overemphasis on ____________, the social-cognitive approach was critized for its overemphasis on ____________?
A. rationality, sexual motivation
B. thinking; learning
C. sexual motivation; rationality
D. irrationality, feelings
C. sexual motivation; rationality
104
From the existential perspective, the self is viewed as
A. static and unchanging
B. a function of our chuildhood experiences
C. dynamic and changing
D. not real
C. dynamic and changing
105
Which of the following are not forms in which groups may influence our behavior?
A. social facilitation
B. social loafing
C. conformity
D. imitation
D. imitation
106
A person's unique individuality is called
A. a self-concept.
B. self-esteem.
C. the self.
D. personality.
C. the self.
107
If you have a friend who tells you that he really likes you, but you also know that he tells almost everyone he meets the same thing, you will likely attribute his behavior as dispositional due to
A. distinctiveness.
B. autonomy.
C. consensus.
D. clarity.
A. distinctiveness.
108
In class we talked about how human beings tend to be motivated tacticians when it comes to the process of social cognition. Identify the three motives that were discussed out of the following options:
A. to be inaccurate, to form impressions of others, to conserve energy.
B. to manage the self image, to conserve energy, to be accurate.
C. to manage the self image, to be accurate, to use effort in processing information.
D. to manage the self image, to conserve energy, to be lazy.
B. to manage the self image, to conserve energy, to be accurate.
109
Which of the following terms does NOT belong with the others?
A. Cognition
B. Affect
C. Disposition
D. Behavior
C. Disposition
110
Asch's research with college students and the perception of line length focused on the phenomenon of
A. deindividuation.
B. bystander intervention.
C. groupthink.
D. conformity.
D. conformity.
111
Our understanding of the importance of thought and memory in personality, especially in terms of expectancies and competencies, is a function of which approach?
A. psychodynamic
B. humanistic
C. trait
D. social-cognitive
D. social-cognitive
112
Emotions are all of the following EXCEPT
A. the consequences of events that motivate us.
B. evoked by current actions or events that remind us of past actions.
C. unrelated to motivation.
D. positive and negative.
C. unrelated to motivation.
113
The approach to personality that emphasizes the positive aspects of life and the individuals desire to fulfill her/his true potential as a human being is the _________ approach?
A. psychodynamic
B. social-cognitive
C. humanistic
D. trait
C. humanistic
114
We attribute the behavior of other people to external or internal causes on the basis of which three types of information?
A. affective, behavioral, and cognitive.
B. dispositional, intuitional, and situational.
C. independent, dependent, and interdependent.
D. consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
D. consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
115
According to Eysenck, the term psychoticism refers to
A. antisocial tendencies.
B. depression and mania.
C. schizophrenia.
D. any severe form of mental illness.
A. antisocial tendencies.
116
When Thom and Erik's deceased mother left millions to the animal shelter and nothing to them, they were both very angry and hurt. Thom wrote a sad song that he performed on stage. Erik kept commenting on his love and affection for their mother. Thom exhibited the Freudian defense mechanism of __________, while Erik exhibited __________ .
A. sublimation; reaction formation
B. reaction formation; projection
C. rationalization; denial
D. repression; conversion
A. sublimation; reaction formation
117
A motivation to take actions that lead to an external reward is called
A. external locus of control
B. extrinsic motivation
C. internal locus of control
D. intrinsic motivation
B. extrinsic motivation
118
Your self-identity is known as your:
A. self-perception
B. self-knowledge
C. self-efficacy
D. self-concept
D. self-concept
119
The independent construal of the self emphasizes all of the following aspects of the self EXCEPT
A. self-reliance
B. uniqueness
C. interconnectedness
D. autonomy
C. interconnectedness
120
The process by which we infer the causes of other people's behavior is called
A. social cognition
B. attribution
C. the inferential effect
D. the representativeness heuristic
B. attribution
121
Which of the following is NOT a component of the covariation model of attribution?
A. consensus
B. motivated
C. consistency
D. distinctiveness
B. motivated
122
Which of the following are NOT potential outcomes of self serving biases?
A. avoiding depression and anxiety
B. false consensus
C. none of the options
D. false uniqueness
C. none of the options
123
Suppose that most of your friends do not drink alcoholic beverages. Suppose further that you are asked in a class to answer the following question: "What is the percentage of people who drink alcoholic beverages?" You reply with a low percentage. In this case you have made an error based on your use of the __________ heuristic.
A. representativenesws
B. availability
C. similarity
D. base-rate
B. availability
124
The enduring price of knowledge about an object or event is called:
A. a belief
B. an attitude
C. a norm
D. a belief
D. a belief
125
The classic study on obedience was done by
A. Leon Festinger
B. Philip Zimbardo
C. Solomon Asch
D. Stanley Milgram
D. Stanley Milgram
126
The ability to control another person's behavior is termed:
A. systematic persuation
B. social influence
C. social behavior
D. obedience
B. social influence
127
An error associated with stereotyping is that we tend to ___________ the variability within a category and ___________the variability between categories:
A. overestimate; judge accurately
B. judge accurately; underestimate
C. overestimate; underestimate
D. underestimate; overestimate
D. underestimate; overestimate
128
Of which of the following are emotions comprised?
A. phenomenological experience
B. physiological arousal
C. all of the options apply
D. cognitive labelling
C. all of the options apply
129
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, if you stumbled onto a snake on a hike in the mountains, you would
A. cognitive process the sighting then experience the fear
B. experience the fear and react physiologically simultaneously
C. none of the options
D. first experience fear and then cognitively process the sighting
B. experience the fear and react physiologically simultaneously
A. cognitive process the sighting then experience the fear
130
Our use of stereotypes are influenced by which of the following conditions:
A. situational complexity
B. time pressuree
C. all of the options
D. cognitive overload
C. all of the options
131
Even when participants are assigned to completely meaningless groups, it is highly likely that they will nonetheless exhibit:
A. reciprocal altruism within their own group
B. group polarization within their own group
C. prejudice and discrimination directed toward the other group
D. negative deindividuation directed toward the other group
C. prejudice and discrimination directed toward the other group
or
D. negative deindividuation directed toward the other group
132
One of the best ways to ensure that two groups will be prejudiced and discriminated against each other is to:
A. have the groups compete for scarce resources
B. promote the creation of strong bonds within each group
C. tell each group the other group dislikes them
D. tell each group negative things about the other
A. have the groups compete for scarce resources
133
Which of the following combine to form the process of social cognition:
A. interpretation and judgment
B. all of the options
C. attention
D. memory
B. all of the options
134
Aggression can be expressed in two ways. Identify these two ways from the following options:
A. direct and indirect
B. indirect and instrumental
C. hostile and direct
D. direct and instrumental
A. direct and indirect
135
Instrumental aggression is aggression that is:
A. aimed at achieving certain goals
B. based on anger
C. none of the options
D. expressed only indirectly
A. aimed at achieving certain goals
136
In class we discussed 2 processes that explain the processes underlying the way in which we interpret information to fit with our expectations. These are:
A. none of the options
B. confirmation bias and belief perseverance
C. a belief of perseverance and disconfirmation
D. beliefs and memory
B. confirmation bias and belief perseverance
137
In Eysenck's theory, all of the following go together EXCEPT
A. extroversion
B. source and surface
C. psychoticism
D. neuroticism
B. source and surface
138
Eysenck's account of personality proposed that it consists of 3 component parts that combine in whichof the following ways to manifest personality
A. correlated groups of types form a habit and correlated groups of habits form traits
B. correlated groups of habits form a type and correlated groups of types form traits
C. none of the combinations apply
D. correlated groups of traits form a type and correlated groups of types form habits
C. none of the combinations apply
139
According to Freud's Drive model of motivation, motivation is fundamentally understood to be a function of:
A. the attempt to resolve conflict between unconscious and conscious motives
B. not at all instinctual
C. rational and logical in nature
D. none of the options
A. the attempt to resolve conflict between unconscious and conscious motives
140
Why is the human mind likened to an iceberg in Freud's conception?
A. its barriers begin to melt when faced with clinical assistance
B. it is largely cold and unresponsive to pressure
C. it can cause irreparable damage that can destroy a person's life
D. most of it is submerged and invisible
D. most of it is submerged and invisible
141
__________ blocks any unpleasant or threatening memories from conscious awareness.
A. Rationalization
B. Regression
C. Repression
D. Reaction Formation
C. Repression
142
Our sense that that thought and behavior are meaning-laden and may at times not be under our control is derived from which approach:
A. social-cognitive
B. trait
C. psychodynamic
D. humanistic
C. psychodynamic
143
Social cognitive theories approach to understanding personality is founded in which 2 perspectives:
A. trait and social perspectives
B. behaviorism and learning
C. none of the options
D. learning and conditioning
B. behaviorism and learning
144
The existential approach to understanding personality sees _______________ as central to understanding human nature.
A. understanding subjective experience and the quest for meaning
B. the lack of free will
C. objective scientific measurement and observation
D. none of the options
A. understanding subjective experience and the quest for meaning
145
The MMPI is considered to be a(n) __________ test of personality.
A. aptitude
B. projective
C. objective
D. typical
C. objective
146
The frustration-aggression principle states that:
A. aggression can lead to frustration
B. people are more likely to be aggressive if they are stressed
C. people are likely to be aggressive when they are prevented from achieving their goals
D. high-density living conditions lead to both frustration and aggression
C. people are likely to be aggressive when they are prevented from achieving their goals
147
On September 11, 2011, people headed into the burning buildings to try to rescue people they did not know. This is an example of:
A. normative influence
B. companionate love
C. reciprocal altruism
D. altruism
D. altruism
148
Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit is called:
A. cooperation
B. altruism
C. reciprocity
D. deindividuation
A. cooperation
149
Behavior toward another person on the basis of his or her group membership is called:
A. polarization
B. prejudice
C. bias
D. discrimination
D. discrimination
150
Jasmine took her cousin Jade out to lunch and picked up the tan. Jade said, "Thanks. I'll pay next time." Jade's response demonstrates what principle?
A. conformity
B. norm of reciprocity
C. social exchange
D. observational learning
B. norm of reciprocity
151
Changing one's attitudes and behaviors to be similar to those of a particular group of people is called:
A. conformity
B. the bystander norm
C. social facilitation
D. deindividuation
A. conformity
152
The foot-in-the-door technique works because:
A. systematic persuation
B. our desire for consistency
C. reciprocal concessions
D. heuristic persuation
B. our desire for consistency
153
___________ is to social-cognitive theories as __________ is to psychodynamic theories.
A. illogical; rational
B. irrationality; learning
C. rational and learned; irrational
D. irrational; rational
C. rational and learned; irrational
154
The most basic cognitive process comprising thinking is
A. perception
B. problem solving
C. categorization
D. attention
C. categorization
155
Which of the following processes DO NOT fall under the motive to mange the self image?
A. overconfidence
B. memory
C. heuristics
D. belief perseverance
C. heuristics
156
Which of the following are attidudinal factors that can influence whether a belief leads to a behavior:
A. origins, specificity, and constraint
B. strength, specificity, and constraints
C. specificity, choice, and origins
D. specificity, strength, and origins
D. specificity, strength, and origins
157
Heuristic persuasion is defined as the process by which attitudes are changed by appeals to
A. emotions
B. none of the options
C. beliefs
D. reason
A. emotions
158
Deindividuation occurs when people
A. are so isolated that they become overly focused on their values and beliefs
B. none of the options
C. are so immersed in a group that they lose sight of their values and beliefs
D. lose their drivers license
C. are so immersed in a group that they lose sight of their values and beliefs
159
Research has confirmed that the reason why teachers obeyed the experimenter and delivered what they believed were potentially lethal shocks to completely innocent learners was because of:
A. the fear of punishment
B. systematic persuation
C. the actor-observer effect
D. normative influence
D. normative influence
160
The processes involved in percieving, interpreting, and acting on the social world are the study of social:
A. reactions
B. perception
C. interaction
D. cognition
D. cognition
161
In his classic study on obedience, Milgram found that a majority of the participants:
A. continued to shock the learner, even after they heard him scream in distress
B. realized the shock generator was not real
C. refused to obey the experimenter in the lab coat
D. showed little distress at continuing the shock
A. continued to shock the learner, even after they heard him scream in distress
162
The tendency to apply dispositional rather than situational attributions to explain other people's behavior is called the
A. consensus principle.
B. fundamental attribution error.
C. false consensus error.
D. covariation rule.
B. fundamental attribution error.
163
Which of the following does not belong:
A. anchoring and adjustment
B. availability
C. representativeness
D. guessing
D. guessing
164
The independent variable in the Festinger and Carlsmith induced-compliance study was
A. the amount of money paid to the participants for telling a lie.
B. the amount of time that participants spent performing the boring tasks.
C. whether the experienced participants thought the tasks were enjoyable.
D. whether the participants agreed to lie.
A. the amount of money paid to the participants for telling a lie.
165
Preferences for what were previously neutral stimuli, simply because they have become familiar, is known as the __________ effect.
A. normative
B. actor-observer
C. mere exposure
D. false consensus
C. mere exposure
166
Conformity is shaped by social norms that layout behaviors/responses that are expected in certain situations. In class we identified two types of norms:
A. descriptive, injunctive
B. prescriptive; injunctive
C. normative, prescriptive
D. descriptive, disjunctive
A. descriptive, injunctive
167
Motivation involves each of the following except:
A. the persistence of behavior
B. the meaning of behavior
C. guiding/directing the behavior
D. instigating the behavior
B. the meaning of behavior
168
The input variables identified in the General Affective Aggression model as those that arouse the internal processes which are then appraised producing behavior are:
A. none of the options
B. social, personal, situational
C. emotions, social, dispositional
D. cognitions, emotions, arousal
B. social, personal, situational
169
The mother of a soldier killed in combat maintains a shrine for her son in her home and tells everyone that, when the war is over, he will be coming home. Which of the Freudian defense mechanisms does her behavior illustrate?
A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Sublimation
D. Reaction formation
B. Denial
170
One's knowledge and beliefs about oneself are called ___________ while one's feelings about oneself is called the ____________ ?
A. a self-concept and self-esteem
B. self-esteem and the self-concept
C. self-esteem and the possible self.
D. personality.
A. a self-concept and self-esteem
171
In attributing the causes of a person's behavior, we consider __________; that is, the extent to which the behavior is common to other people in the same situation.
A. convergence
B. conformity
C. consensus
D. distinctiveness
C. consensus
172
The __________ component of an attitude is feelings evoked by a particular stimulus.
A. cognitive
B. behavioral
C. dispositional
D. affective
D. affective
173
Among the factors in interpersonal attraction, __________ refers to the fact that the more we see and interact with someone, the greater likelihood that we will be attracted to him or her.
A. familiarity
B. similarity
C. bonding
D. proximity
A. familiarity
D. proximity
174
In line with the idea that their construal of self is interdependent, Japanese students were more likely than Euro-Canadian students to persist at a task following a __________ experience.
A. successful
B. failure
C. personal
D. social
B. failure
175
According to Rogers, children learn that certain conditions exist (__________) that are the criteria others use for their expression of positive regard.
A. conditions of worth
B. value conditions
C. need hierarchies
D. value hierarchies
A. conditions of worth
176
The id operates according to the __________ principle.
A. equilibrium
B. pleasure
C. catharsis
D. reality
B. pleasure
177
The tendency to form an impression of people based on the first information we learn about them is called the __________ effect.
A. central
B. initial
C. primacy
D. recency
C. primacy
178
A general rule that relies on information that is most readily at hand is called the __________ heuristic.
A. base-rate
B. similarity
C. availability
D. representativeness
C. availability
179
For Bem, the greater attitude change of those in the $1 condition of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith study reflected
A. cognitive dissonance.
B. regulation.
C. self-perception.
D. self-schema.
C. self-perception.
180
The perceived outgroup homogeneity effect refers to the tendency for us to perceive there to be ________ within-group variability in the outgroup, __________ between-group differences, while the within-group variability in the in-group is ___________?
A. reduced; increased; unchanged
B. reduced; unchanged; increased
C. unchanged, increased; unchanged
D. increased; reduced; increased
A. reduced; increased; unchanged
181
Spearman proposed that intelligence:
A. comprises multiple separate forms of intelligence
B. is rooted in a general intelligence factor called g
C. is oligarchic
D. none of the options apply
B. is rooted in a general intelligence factor called g
182
To assess a child's intellectual ability, Binet and Simon (1905),
A. devised an overall point rating system ranging from below average to above average.
B. compared the child's performance relative to an established age-determined average.
C. asked teachers to estimate their students' relative standing in their classes.
D. administered several perceptual discrimination tests to children of various ages.
B. compared the child's performance relative to an established age-determined average.
183
The effect of different environments on the issue of genetric relatedness in intelligence is
A. to have no effect on genetic relatedness
B. to reduce the effects of genetic relatedness
C. to strengthen the effects of genetic relatedness
D. dependent upon the indivudals involved.
B. to reduce the effects of genetic relatedness
184
When the validity of an intelligence test is assessed, researchers correlate the test scores with
A. each other.
B. test scores of the same individuals from an earlier test.
C. a criterion.
D. those of people who were tested under different conditions.
C. a criterion.
185
If you see a grizzly bear in the woods and run away in fear, which of the following best describes your emotional response in terms of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A. "I'm scared because I run."
B. "I interpret this situation as a dangerous one; therefore I am scared and I run."
C. "I run because I'm scared."
D. "I'm scared because I interpret my arousal level as fear when I see the bear."
A. "I'm scared because I run."
186
Deep inside, Luke has strong urges to be hostile and aggressive. By profession, he is a hockey player. When asked about his violence during games, he explains that that is what he is paid to do. Luke's explanation best illustrates the Freudian defense mechanism of
A. rationalization.
B. reaction formation.
C. repression.
D.denial.
A. rationalization.
187
The idea that both the consequences of behavior and an individual's belief about them determines personality is at the heart of which approach to personality?
A. humanistic
B. psychodynamic
C. trait
D. social cognitive
D. social cognitive
188
According to Maslow, our most basic needs are the __________ needs.
A. esteem
B. attachment
C. safety
D. physiological
D. physiological
189
A person's belief that in general a specific consequence will follow the performance of a specific action is referred to as:
A. a contingency
B. self-efficacy.
C. locus of control
D. an expectancy
D. an expectancy
190
According to Sternberg's theory of love, romantic love includes
A. intimacy, passion, and commitment.
B. intimacy and passion.
C. intimacy.
D. passion and commitment.
B. intimacy and passion.
191
The perceived outgroup homogeneity effect:
A. increases the outgroup variability (the within group differences in the outgroup) and increases the difference between the 2 groups
B. none of the options
C. increases the outgroup variability (the within group differences in the outgroup) and decreases the difference between the 2 groups
D. reduces the outgroup variability (the within group differences in the outgroup) and increases the difference between the 2 groups
D. reduces the outgroup variability (the within group differences in the outgroup) and increases the difference between the 2 groups
192
Emotions are
A. ubiquitous subjective immediate evaluations/responses to environmental events
B. attitudes
C. independent subjective evaluative responses
D. dependent objective valenced reactions
A. ubiquitous subjective immediate evaluations/responses to environmental events
193
Suppose you are walking down the street late at night and are startled by a sound in some nearby bushes. Your heart starts racing, your breathing quickens, you sense a knot in your stomach, and you then realize that you are scared. This sequence of events is predicted by the __________ theory of emotion.
A. Cannon-Bard
B. Schachter-Singer
C. James-Lange
D. two-factor
C. James-Lange
194
At the end of a hard day, you sink into a luxurious warm bath and lose yourself in the sensual enjoyment involved. According to Freud's theory, doing so expresses the __________, the only rule obeyed by the __________ .
A. catharsis principle; superego
B. pleasure principle; ego
C. libido; id
D. pleasure principle; id
D. pleasure principle; id
195
According to Rogers, people who devote their lives to satisfying the expectations and demands of others will not
A. have a sense of self.
B. develop a superego.
C. be truly happy with their successes.
D. become self-actualized.
D. become self-actualized.
196
A correlation between a person's behavior in one situation and that in another is called cross-situational
A. concordance.
B. consistency.
C. significance.
D. validity.
B. consistency.
197
Dispositional attributions refer mainly to
A. the person's personality traits, needs and intentions.
B. a person's genetic endowment.
C. the environment.
D. the interaction of the person with his or her social environment.
A. the person's personality traits, needs and intentions.
