Chapter 11 Skull and Nasal

Question 1

Which sinuses/recesses do cats and dogs have?

Answer 1

Frontal sinus
small Sphenoidal sinus
lateral maxillary recess

Question 2

what is the asterisk-ed structure?

Answer 2

lateral maxillary recess

Question 3

How is occipital dysplasia different from occipital bone malformation?

Answer 3

Occipital dysplasia (a.k.a. keyhole malformation) - bone defect, dorsal extension of the foramen magnum; toy/mini breeds.

COMS (caudal occipital bone malformation) (a.k.a. Chiari-like malf) results in overcrowding, cerebellar herniation. CKCS/Chihuahua

Question 4

What has happened here?

Answer 4

Coronoid impingement; the L coronoid process is lateral to the zygomatic arch. This is called open-mouth jaw-locking, occurs in some breeds (Basset, Irish setter, Persian cat) predisposed to TMJ dysplasia, with hyperextension (e.g. yawning) or can be from trauma.

Question 5

The TMJ is a synovial joint - T or F?

Answer 5

T

Question 6

What are the imaging features of MPS VI?

Answer 6

Radiographic skeletal changes in cats with MPS-VI
include
- epiphyseal dysplasia
- generalized osteopenia
- pectus excavatum
- vertebral and skull changes
- shortened nasal conchae,
- aplasia/ hypoplasia of frontal and sphenoid sinuses
- shortened dimensions to the incisive and maxillary bones

MPS-I, has been documented in DSH, similar but less facial dysmorphia than in Siamese.

Question 7

Which cat breed gets MPS and which type?

Answer 7

siamese VI
DSH I

Question 8

what is the first sign of hyperparathyroidism radiographically?

Answer 8

loss of lamina dura

Question 9

What’s the proper name for rubber jaw, what condition is it associated with?

Answer 9

fibrous osteodystrophy, occurs with severe hyperparathyroidism when the skull mineral is replaced by fibrous material

Question 10

Osteolysis and osteomalacia in hyperparathyroidism affects young or old animals more?

Answer 10

young, because skeletal turnover is greater

Question 11

What percentage of hyperparathyroid dogs had cystic calculi?

Answer 11

31%

Feldman EC, Hoar B, Pollard R, Nelson RW. Pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism: 210 cases (1987e2004). J Am Vet Med
Assoc. 2005;227(5):756e761.

Question 12

What is going on here?

Answer 12

Hyperparathyroidism, secondary renal

Question 13

Loss of lamina dura only occurs with secondary hyperparathyroidism - true or false?

Answer 13

False

Question 14

Why are thyroids hyperattenuating on pre-contrast CT? How does this compare between brachycephalic and non-brachy dogs?

Answer 14

due to high concentration of iodine

Brachys have lower HU thyroids;

Question 15

Classic signalment for feline acromegaly?

Answer 15

mid-aged, MN, diabetic

Question 16

Feline acromegaly changes occur due to an excess of _____________.

Answer 16

growth hormone and IGF-1

Question 17

Imaging findings of feline acromegaly

Answer 17

pituitary mass
frontal bone thickening
soft tissue hyerp

also thicker skin

Question 18

2/3 of nasal tumors are

Answer 18

epithelial; the other 1/3 mesenchymal.
in cats, this proportion is different as lymphoma is also common.

Question 19

nasal tumors are locally aggressive and rarely metastasize - true or false?

Answer 19

true

Question 20

Which is better to assess the cribriform plate radiographically - open-mouth ventrodorsal view or intra-oral view?

Answer 20

open-mouth ventrodorsal view; intra-oral plate cannot be inserted caudally enough.

Question 21

what is the arrowhead pointing to?

Answer 21

intact cribriform plate; on the other side there is a nasal mass which has caused lysis of the plate.

Question 22

6-month-old female Labrador retriever cross with
thickened, painful mandible, fever, and chronic hyporexia progressing to anorexia

Answer 22

CMO

Question 23

How does bone thickening differ between CMO and CHS?

Answer 23

CHS - smooth
CMO - irregular

Question 24

MMM affects which muscles (type of fiber, and individual muscle names)?

Answer 24

2M
masseter, temporal, pterygoids

Question 25

Which skull shape do German Sheperds have?

Answer 25

a. Dolichocephalic b. Mesaticephalic c. Brachycephalic d. Mixed

Question 26

The calvaria is the brain case and it is formed by the _______, ________ and _______ bones.

Answer 26

Frontal, parietal and occipital

Question 27

Which of the following statement it is false? a. The TMJ is a hinge joint. b. The temporal bone consists of the petrosal, tympanic, and squamous sections that are fused in the adult. c. The retroarticular process is the ventral extension of the squamous temporal bone d. The mandibular aspect of the joint includes the condylar process which articulates with the mandibular fossa

Answer 27

a. condylar joint

Question 28

Which structure represent the asterisk? a. Infraorbital canal b. Ventral nasal meatus c. Lateral nasal fossa d Maxillary recess

Answer 28

d

Question 29

Which is false about hydrocephalus? a. Canine breeds affected with congenital form include the Maltese, Yorkshire terrier, English bulldog, Chihuahua, Lhasa Apso, Chinese pug, toy poodle, Pomeranian, Pekingese, Cairn terrier, and Boston terrier. b. Persistent fontanelles, doming of the calvaria, cortical thinning and lack of skull marginas are radiographic signs. c. The congenital form may occur secondary to an interruption of CSF flow or defective CSF absorption d. Hydrocephalus does not occur in cats

Answer 29

d. Less common in cats

Question 30

Which congenital disease represent the black arrow? a. Occipital dysplasia b. Mucopolysaccharidosis c. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (nutrional or renal) d. Chiari-like malformation

Answer 30

a. Occipital Dysplasia - Occipital dysplasia (keyhole malformation) is the dorsal enlargement of the foramen magnum. - Neurologic disease and is usually found in miniature and toy breeds. - May be a normal morphologic variation in brachycephalic dogs

Question 31

What is false about TMJ dysplasia? a. Entrapment lateral to the zygomatic arch after hyperextension of the jaw of the side opposite from the join with the most severe changes b. Asymptomatic anatomic anamoly in spaniels, pekingese and dachshunds c. Also occurs in cats d. Frequent in Beagles and also seen in Irish Setters

Answer 31

a. Basset Hound

Question 32

What is false about Mucopolysaccharidosis ? a. Hereditary disorders of lysosomal storage, which occur in humans, dogs, cattle, and cats. b. Epiphyseal dysplasia, generalized osteopenia, pectus excavatum, and vertebral and skull changes are noted in MPS-VI in Siamese cats c. MPS-I documented in DSH with less facial dysmorphia d. No reported in dogs

Answer 32

d. To know more: Specific skullchanges: shortened nasal conchae, aplasia and hypoplasia of the frontal and sphenoid sinuses, and shortened dimensions to the incisive and maxillary bones.

Question 33

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM - An early radiographic sign of hyperparathyroidism (primary and secondary) is loss of the _______. In extreme hyperparathyroidism, demineralization is followed by _____________. This uncommon development leads to skull thickening, and particularly by maxillary enlargement. - __% of the dogs had cystic calculi, and all were either calcium phosphate or oxalate. -

Answer 33

Lamina dura, fibrous osteodystrophy, 31% To know more: - The lamina dura is the dense, hard bony lining of the (alveolus visible as a radiopaque line on radiographs, forming part of the tooth's attachment apparatus alongside the periodontal ligament and cementum.

Question 34

What is false about Cranimandibular osteopathy? a. proliferative bone disease that occurs mainly in young West Highland White, Scottish, Cairn, Boston, and other terriers. b. Dogs aged 3 to 8 years c. Bone proliferation can extend to the bullae, mandibular ramus, TMJ, and calvarium. d. Bilateral and may be asymmetric

Answer 34

b. 3-8 MONTHS

Question 35

Which is the best projection to evaluate the TMJ joints? a. Ventrodorsal and 20-degree lateral oblique in cats, some rotation in dogs b. Ventrodorsal and 15-degree lateral oblique in cats, some rotation in dogs c. lateral oblique and open-mouth d. openmouth ventrodorsal view

Answer 35

a. lateral oblique and open-mouth --> Tympanic bullae openmouth ventrodorsal view --> nasal disease

Question 36

Masticatory muscle myositis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease where antibodies are formed against _____ muscle fibers that are present in the temporalis, masseter, and _____ muscles. The digastric muscle is not affected by the changes. Regional lymphadenopathy is typically present/not present

Answer 36

Type 2M pterygoid present

Question 37

- Ear canal tumors occur in dogs and cats. Most often, these tumors are _______ or mucinous gland adenocarcinoma. - Osteolysis, osteoproliferation and osteosclerosis, expansion of the tympanic cavity and ipsilateral TMJ may happen with a benign slow growing tumour/epidermoid cyst in the middle ear named ______.

Answer 37

squamous cell carcinoma tympanokeratoma

Question 38

what is false of the folowwing statements related with otitis? a. Aspergillus otitis has been reported in dogs and cats and is typically unilateral. b. Primary secretory otitis media (PSOM) has been described in Cavalier King Charles spaniels associated with pain and neurological signs. c. The trigeminal nerve innervates the muscle that controls opening of the pharyngeal orifice to the auditory tube. d. Nasopharyngeal polyps in cats can not extend to the external ear canal or osseous bulla.

Answer 38

d

Question 39

RHINITIS - In 41 dogs with inflammatory nasal disease (aspergillosis vs. lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis), turbinate destruction and hyperintensity on T1- weighted MR images were commonly found with ________ - A destructive pattern without a marked mass effect is more typical of _____ infection, whereas a mass effect without turbinate destruction is also more typical of infection, although usually not the aforementioned.

Answer 39

aspergillosis x2 Turbinate lysis was also found in about half of the dogs with lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis; however, T1-hypointense turbinates were present in more patients. To know more: - Destructive rhinitis other fungal agents: Penicillium species, is less common, but Cryptococcus species occur in both dogs and cats. Nasal blastomycosis in endemic areas.

Question 40

Has canine skull OA usually metastasis? a. yes b no

Answer 40

no 3.8% To know more: Distribution of canine skull osteosarcoma in 183 dogs was: 43.7% maxilla, 32.8% mandible, and 23.5% calvarium.

Question 41

________ tumors often arise from the temporo-occipital area. The margins are well defined, and there can be lysis of adjacent bone.107 The central core of the tumor comprises a coarse, granular mineral opacity throughout.

Answer 41

Multilobular Osteochondrosarcoma

Question 42

ORAL CAVITY TUMOURS - _________, predilection for the palate (maxilla/mandible), 78% bone involvement, of large-breed dogs particulaly ______. - ______ occurs in large- and small-breed dogs, commonly metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and lungs, and has variable bone lysis. - SQC often affects mandible and maxilla in dogs and cats, ____ bone involvement in dogs. In cats, _______ and maxillary predisposed location.

Answer 42

Fibrosarcoma, Golden Retrievers Malignant melanoma 82%, sublingual,