chapter 11: the digestive system terms not built from word parts

Question 1

adhesion

Answer 1

abnormal growing together of two peritoneal surfaces that normally are separated. This may occur after abdominal surgery. Surgical treatment is called adhesiolysis or adhesiotomy

Question 2

celiac disease

Answer 2

malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten which may damage the lining of the small intestine. it is considered a multisystem disorder with varying signs and symptoms, including abdominal bloating and pain, chronic diarrhea or constipation, steatorrhea, vomiting, weight lose, fatigue

Question 3

cirrhosis

Answer 3

chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatitis

Question 4

chrons disease

Answer 4

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations and the formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction.

Question 5

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Answer 5

abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and the gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus

Question 6

hemochromatosis

Answer 6

iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue; can cause heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, or cancer of the liver

Question 7

hemorrhoids

Answer 7

swollen or distended veins in the rectum or anus which are called internal or external, respectively and can be a source of rectal bleeding or pain

Question 8

ileus

Answer 8

nonmechanical obstruction of the intestine, caused by a lack of effective peristalsis

Question 9

intussusception

Answer 9

prolapse of one parts of the intestine inside the part next to it. it is most common in infants; symptoms may include intestinal blockage, abdominal pain with cramping, or a lump that can be felt from the outside

Question 10

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Answer 10

periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea and or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain

Question 11

peptic ulcer

Answer 11

erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection, or medications such as nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs

Question 12

polyp

Answer 12

tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign; common sites are in the nose, throat, and intestines

Question 13

volvulus

Answer 13

twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction

Question 14

ulcerative colitis (UC)

Answer 14

disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers, which can cause bloody diarrhea. A proctocolectomy with permanent ileostomy may become necessary of the patient doesn’t respond to medical therapy

Question 15

abdominoperineal resection (APR)

Answer 15

removal of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter through both abdominal and perineal approaches; performed to treat some colorectal cancers an inflammatory diseases of the lower large intestine. the patient will have a colostomy

Question 16

anastomosis (pl. anastomoses)

Answer 16

connection created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments

Question 17

bariatric surgery

Answer 17

surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity, a condition that can cause serious illness

Question 18

hemmorhodectomy

Answer 18

excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the lower rectum and anus

Question 19

vagotomy

Answer 19

cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers

Question 20

abdominal sonography

Answer 20

ultrasound scanning of the abdominal cavity in which the size and structure of organs such as the aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas can be visualized

Question 21

barium enema (BE)

Answer 21

series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally (aka lower GI series)

Question 22

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Answer 22

procedure using an endoscope to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts, introduce contrast agents, and record x-ray images (fluoroscopy); used to evaluate obstructions, strictures, and some diseases of the liver and pancreas. Stone removal, biopsy, and stenting may be performed during the procedure for treatment.

Question 23

upper GI series

Answer 23

series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been administered orally (also called upper gastrointestinal series)

Question 23

endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

Answer 23

procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of the esophageal and gastric linings, as well as the walls of the small and large intestines; used to detect tumors and cystic growths and for staging of malignant tumors

Question 24

fetal occult blood test (FOBT)

Answer 24

examination of a stool sample to detect blood not directly visible. Occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be detected by chemical testing or by microscope. The test is used to screen for colon cancer or polyps.

Question 25

helicobacter pylori

Answer 25

chemical test on a fecal sample to determine the presence of bacteria that can cause peptic ulcers.

Question 26

ascites

Answer 26

abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Question 27

emesis

Answer 27

expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (also called vomitting)

Question 28

diarrhea

Answer 28

frequent discharge of liquid stool

Question 29

flatus

Answer 29

gas in the gastrointestinal tract or expelled through the anus

Question 30

hematemesis

Answer 30

vomiting of blood

Question 31

hematochezia

Answer 31

passage of visibly bloody feces

Question 32

malabsorption

Answer 32

impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients

Question 33

nausea

Answer 33

urge to vomit

Question 34

melena

Answer 34

black, tarry stool that contains digested blood, usually a result of bleeding in the upper gi tract

Question 35

refulx

Answer 35

abnormal backward flow. in esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus

Question 36

gastric lavage

Answer 36

washing out of the stomach

Question 37

feces

Answer 37

waste from the gastrointestinal tract expelled through the anus

Question 38

palpate

Answer 38

to examine by hand; to feel

Question 39

stoma

Answer 39

surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body such as the opening established in the abdominal wall by colostomy, ileostomy, or a similar operation. Stoma may also refer to an opening created between body structures or between portions of the intestines