Chapter 1.1 - The Ideologies of Government Flashcards
(50 cards)
Autocracy:
What is autocracy?
A system of government in which one person has total power
What slogan did tsars use to justify their conservative nature of rule?
‘Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality’
What did the tsar expect?
‘Total submission from his subjects’
What was the tsar obliged to act as?
A ‘moral judge’ on behalf of God
Who argued that a liberal democracy and constitutional government would have been disastrous for Russia?
Konstantin Pobedonostsev
Who did Alexander II (A2) make peace with in 1856?
Enemies in the Crimean War
What did A2 announce in 1856 about the abolition of serfdom?
‘it is better to begin abolishing serfdom from above than to wait for it to begin to abolish itself from below’
When did A2 relax censorship, giving writers greater freedom of expression?
1865
What was formed in 1864?
The Zemstva (regional councils)
What did Alexander III (A3) blame his father’s assassination on?
His father’s liberal reforms
What did A3 reverse and what did he introduce?
Reversed his father’s liberal reforms and introduced stronger censorship
What was the repressive period under A3 known as?
‘The Reaction’
Who influenced A3 during the ‘Reaction’?
Pobedonostsev
When did A3 introduce Land Captains to monitor and control the behaviour of peasants?
1889
What was passed in 1881, giving the Okhrana more power?
The Statute concerning measures for the Production of State Security and the Social Order
Who did A3 execute in May 1887, which may have played a huge part in the future of Russia?
Lenin’s brother
What opposition group was disbanded in 1884 by the Okhrana?
The People’s Will
What was passed under Nicholas II (N2) in 1905, changing Russia from an autocracy to a constitutional monarchy?
The October Manifesto
Why was the October Manifesto passed in 1905?
Passed as a result of the economic crisis and the disastrous consequences of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5)
What did the October Manifesto create?
The Duma (elected national parliament)
When was the Fundamental Laws passed? (Month and year)
April 1906
What did the Fundamental Laws 1906 effectively make the Duma?
Effectively made the Duma a talking shop
When did N2 start using repression to implement autocracy?
1906
How many people were executed in 1909?
537
