Chapter 2.1 - The extent of and reasons for Economic change Flashcards
1
Q
Chapter 2.1 - the extent and reasons for economic change
A
chapter 2.1
2
Q
Industrialisation: Alexander II
How did Alexander II think that peasant unrest could be prevented?
A
By moving rural workers into industry
3
Q
What was A2 committed to?
A
State involvement in industry
4
Q
What did A2 appoint as minister of finance in 1862?
A
Mikhail Reutern
5
Q
How did Reutern believe Russia could industrialise?
A
By attracting foreign investment capital
6
Q
What did Manchester businessman Ludwig Loop help develop?
A
The Russian textile industry
7
Q
What were the Nobel brothers responsible for?
A
The growth of the modern oil industry around Baku in the Caucuses
8
Q
What was the name of JJ Hughes’ business in Russia?
A
The New Russian Coal, Iron and Railmaking Company
9
Q
What % of steel production in Russia was JJ Hughes’ company responsible for by 1900?
A
50%
10
Q
How many miles of railway were built in 1862 and 1878?
A
1862 - 2194 miles built
1878 - 13979 miles built
11
Q
How much did industrial output increase during Reutern’s term in office?
A
It doubled
12
Q
What was the average annual growth rate under Reutern?
A
6%
13
Q
What % of railways were in private hands by 1880?
A
94%
14
Q
What did not affect Russia in the 1870s?`
A
The economic depression in Europe
15
Q
Industrialisation: Alexander III
Who were the two finance ministers under Alexander III?
A
- Nikolay Bunge (1882-86)
- Ivan Vyshnegradskii (1887-1892)
16
Q
What unfair taxes were abolished in 1881 and 1886 respectively?
A
- Salt tax abolished in 1881
- Poll tax abolished in 1886
17
Q
When was the Peasant Land Bank set up to lend money to peasants to buy land cheaply?
A
1883
18
Q
How much of the railways had been bought back by 1911?
A
69%
19
Q
Why was Nikolay Bunge sacked in 1886?
A
The rouble collapsed
20
Q
Who was appointed finance minister in 1887?
A
Ivan Vyshnegradskii
21
Q
What was introduced in 1891 which raised lots of revenue?
A
The Medele’ev tariff
22
Q
What did this tariff do?
A
Export grain out of Russia
23
Q
How many people died in the 1891 famine caused by this tariff?
A
500,000
24
Q
Industrialisation: Nicholas II
What happened to the rouble in 1897?
A
It was placed on the gold standard
25
What did Witte insist that most investment go towards?
Heavy industry
26
What was the effect of increased industrial action called?
The 'Great Spurt'
27
How much did coal production increase?
Production doubled
28
How much did steel production increase?
Increased 7 fold
29
How many miles of railway track were opened in 1891 and 1901?
1891 - 17,264 miles opened
1901 - 31,135 miles opened
30
What was the average growth in capital from abroad per year from 1893 to 1898?
120%
31
How much did income from industry increase from 1893 to 1897?
1893 - 42 million roubles
1897 - 161 million roubles
32
How much did Russian GDP grow on average per year?
7.5%
33
When was Witte sacked as Minister for Finance?
1903
34
Why did Nicholas II sack Witte?
He opposed Nicholas II's aggressive foreign policy
35
What happened which led to Witte being appointed Prime Minister in 1905?
The disastrous Russo-Japanese war
36
How much did GNP grow every year from 1909 to 1913?
3.5%
37
What was Russia's GDP as a % of Britain's in 1911?
20%
38
What happened to the Russian economy in WW1?
The economy collapsed
39
How much did the government spend in 1913?
1.5 billion roubles
40
How much did the war cost in 1916?
3 billion roubles
41
How much did prices rise from 1914 to 1917?
400%
42
Industralisation: Lenin
When was state capitalism introduced?
November 1917
43
What were the 2 decrees issued by the Bolsheviks in 1917 and 1918?
- November 1917 Decree on Land
- November 1918 Decree on Worker's Control
44
When did the government say the economy could be handed from the state to the workers?
When it was 'safe'
45
What did the November 1917 Decree on Land do?
It divided private landholdings that were handed over to the peasants
46
What did the November 1918 Decree on Workers' Control do?
It gave Workers' Committees extra power to run factories
47
What was formed in December 1917?
The Supreme Economic Council (SEC)
48
What was the role of the Supreme Economic Council?
To manage key industries that had been nationalised
49
How many employees had to be in a business for it to be nationalised?
10 employees
50
How many businesses had been nationalised by 1920?
30,000
51
What nullified any positive impact state capitalism may have had?
The Russian Civil War
52
What was coal production in 1921 in comparison to 1913?
1913 - 29 million tonnes
1921 - 8.9 million tonnes
53
What was the value of the rouble in October 1920 in comparison to 1917?
1%
54
How much of all wages were paid in 'kind'?
90%
55
What was war communism?
State capitalism with grain requisitioning
56
Why did war communism cause unrest?
Individuals lost freedom to produce and sell goods they wanted
57
What did Lenin replace war communism with?
The New Economic Policy (NEP)
58
What did the NEP do?
The NEP de-nationalised small-scale enterprise and returned private ownership
59
What did the state still control after the NEP?
Heavy industry
60
What ended in the NEP?
Grain requisitioning
61
What was the new class of entrepreneur as a result of the NEP called?
NEPMEN
62
How much of retail trade were NEPMEN responsible for?
60%
63
When did Stalin scrap the NEP and what was introduced?
Scrapped in 1929 and 'The Great Turn' was introduced
64
Industrialisation: Stalin
What were Stalin's two main economic goals?
1. Make Russian an economic force to compete with the West
2. Prepare Russia for potential conflict with its capitalist enemies
65
What is economic autarky?
When a nation can operate in a state of self-reliance
66
Who set the targets for the five year plans?
The State Planning Department (GOSPLAN)
67
What were the four initial commissariats?
- Heavy industry
- Light industry
- Timber
- Food
68
How many commissariats were there by the 3rd five year plan?
20
69
When was the first five year plan introduced and when was it scrapped?
Spring 1929, scrapped in December 1932
70
How much did oil production rise from 1928 to 1940?
1928 - 11.6 million tonnes
1940 - 31.1 million tonnes
71
How much did electricity increase from 1928 to 1940?
1928 - 5 million kilowatt-hours
1940 - 48.3 million kilowatt-hours
72
How many tractors were produced in 1928 and 1940?
1928 - 1300 tractors
1940 - 31,660 tractors
73
Industralisation: Khrushchev
What did Khrushchev focus on?
New industries and consumer goods
74
How many Russian owned a washing machine by 1964?
1 in 77 (1 in 1000 in 1955)
75
What did the 5th five year plan waste lots of money on?
Hydroelectric schemes that failed
76
Agriculture: Alexander II
When were serfs owned by the state freed?
1866
77
What were the conditions on redemption payments?
49 years at 6% per annum interest rate
78
What event suggested that the Emancipation Edict was not a success?
The Bezdna Revolt
79
Agriculture: Alexander III
What was introduced in 1889 to help control the peasants?
Land Captains
80
What did Alexander III blame the 1891 famine on?
Poor farming techniques by the peasants
81
What were the peasants considered to be?
'Resentful, indolent, disrespectful, unruly and intoxicated'
82
Agriculture: Nicholas II
When did rural unrest peak under Nicholas II?
1905 to 1907
83
Who was appointed Prime Minister in 1906 to revamp government policy over land distribution?
Stolypin
84
What did Stolypin aim to use land redistribution to do?
To strengthen the class of the 'best' peasants
85
What was unused land made available to?
The Peasant Land Bank
86
What were peasants given the right to do with their land?
Consolidate it into smallholdings
87
How many peasants had left their village communes for cities by 1914?
About 2 million
88
Agriculture: Provisional Government
When was there widespread unrest under the Prov govt?
October 1917
89
What happened in the October Revolution regarding peasants?
- Many houses looted and burnt down
- Land owners attacked and killed
- Peasants occupied private land and claimed it
90
Agriculture: Lenin
What did the Bolsheviks promise?
'Peace, Bread and Land'
91
What did the Bolsheviks claim about themselves?
That they were the party representing the interests of workers and peasants
92
What was issued by the Bolsheviks which abolished private property?
November 1917 Decree on Land
93
Who did land belong to rather than the peasants?
The state
94
What did the Cheka enforce and who did they execute?
Enforced grain requisitioning, executed those considered 'kulaks'
95
Who was blamed for food shortages?
Kulaks
96
What were the Cheka used to unleash?
'Class war'
97
What happened to peasants during the Civil War?
Peasants were forcibly conscripted into the Red Army
98
Agriculture: Stalin
What would happen to kulaks under Stalin?
Their houses would be stripped bare and their personal belongings would be confiscated and sold
99
How many kulaks families were deported to Siberia from 1928 to 1930?
1 to 3 million families (6-18 million people)
100
Roughly how many kulaks were shot?
30,000
101
What did Stalinists see de-kulakisation as?
'Class war in the countryside'
102
What did collectivisation under Stalin involve?
Bringing a number of small farm units together to form bigger farms
103
What prompted Stalin to push for mass collectivisation?
The famine of 1927-28
104
What was Stalin motivated to create?
'Socialism in the countryside'
105
What did Stalin view kulaks as?
Bourgeois and anti-revolutionary
106
What % of households did Stalin claim had been collectivised? (March 1930)
58% (exaggeration)
107
How much did the population of Kazakhstan drop as a result of collectivisation?
75%
108
What % of peasants lived on a collectivised farm by 1937?
93%
109
What % of peasants lived on a collectivised farm by 1941?
98%
110
When was the mir abolished?
1930
111
How many people were killed in the famine of 1932-34?
7 million people
112
Agriculture: Khrushchev
What was Khrushchev focused on in regards to agriculture?
The improvement of organisation of agricultural production
113
Where was there a riot over food shortages?
Novocherkassk
114
How many Novocherkassk protestors were executed by the KGB?
23
115
When was the Virgin Land Campaign introduced?
1954
116
How many acres were given over for the production of wheat in 1950?
96 million acres
117
How many acres were given over for the production of wheat in 1964?
165 million acres
118
How much did grain production fall as a result of the disastrous harvest of 1963?
140 million tonnes to 107 million tonnes
