Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Old Classes > Chapter 11- Vascular Systems in Animals and Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Vascular Systems in Animals and Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Are protozoans heterotrophs or autotroph cells?

A

Heterotrophic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do protozoans consume?

A

They consume other cells or food particles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the word “protozoa” mean?

A

First animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

With respect to the vascular system, the movement of gases and nutrients done by…?

A

Simple diffusion within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hydras are cnidarians have body walls that are __ cells thick

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is there no need for a specialized circulatory system in Cnidarians

A

Because all cells are in direct contact with either the internal or external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What kind of circulatory systems do arthropods have?

A

Open circulatory system (in which blood is in direct contact with the body tissues).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is blood circulated in arthropods?

A

Primarily by body movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the path of blood flow in arthropods?

A

The blood flows through a dorsal vessel and into spaces called sinuses where exchange occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Annelids are also called?

A

Earthworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What kind of a circ system does an annelid use?

A

The annelid uses a closed circulatory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is a closed circulatory system needed in annelids?

A

Because cells that are not in direct contact with the external environment need to have materials delivered to them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to _______

A

blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the path of blood flow to the head in annelids?

A

The blood moves toward the head in the dorsal vessel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dorsal vessel functions as the main ______________ in annelids?

A

Functions as the main heart by coordinated contractions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aortic loops

A

In annelids. They are five pairs of vessels that connect the dorsal vessel to the ventral vessel and function as additional pumps.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Earthworm blood lack any ____ ______ ___ but has a __________________

A

RBCs but has a hemoglobin like pigment dissolved in the aqueous solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the human cardiovascular system composed of?

A

Muscular, four chambered heart, a network of blood vessels and the blood itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Blood is pumped into the ___ which branches into a series of _____

A

aorta, arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The arteries branch into ____ and then into the microscopic _____

A

arterioles, capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens via diffusion across capillary walls?

A

The exchange of gases, nutrients, and cellular waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The capillaries converge into _____ and then eventually into the _____

A

venules, veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do veins do?

A

Lead deoxygenated blood back toward the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Right and left side of the heart

A

Right: pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation toward the lungs

Left: pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the upper two chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the lower two chambers of the heart called?

A

Ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Atria wall vs. ventricle wall

A

Thin walled vs thick walled (extremely muscular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle?

A

Because it has to pump blood the blood to the whole body (systemic circulation) and because it pumps against a higher resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Are located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart.

Function: Prevent backflow into the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

On the right side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Also called mitral– on the left side of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Semilunar valve

A

Have 3 cusps and are located between the left ventricle and the aorta (the aortic valve) and the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (the pulmonic valve).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The heart’s pumping cycle is divided into _____

A

two alternating phases called systole and diastole, which together make up the heart beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Systole

A

Period during which the ventricles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Diastole

A

The period of cardiac muscle relaxation during which during which blood drains into all four chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cardiac output is defined as the

A

total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Formula for cardiac output

A

cardiac output= heart rate (# of beats per minute) * stroke volume (volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

True or false: cardiac muscle contracts without stimulation from the nervous system

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What regulates cardiac control?

A

The sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

This is also where it originates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the SA node?

A

A small mass of specialized tissue located int he wall of the right atrium. It spreads impulses through both atria, stimulating them to contract simultaneously.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where does the impulse from the SA node arrive?

A

The atrioventricular node (AV node)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Speed at which AV node conducts and why

A

conducts slowly so that there is enough time for atrial contraction and for the ventricles to fill with blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where is the impulse carried by from the AV node?

A

The impulse is carried by the bundle of His (AV bundle) which branches into the right and left bundle branches, and through the purkinje fibers (in the walls of both ventricles), generating a strong contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Autonomic nervous system modifies the rate of ___ _______

A

heart contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system innervates the heart via the _____ _____ and causes __________________

A

vagus nerve and causes a decrease in the heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The sympathetic nervous system innervates the heart via the _____ _____ and causes __________________

A

cervical and upper thoracic ganglia and causes an increase in the heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do in terms of heart rate?

A

It exerts hormonal control via epinephrine (adrenaline) secretion, which causes an increase in the heart rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Arteries

A

Thick walled, muscular elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away form the heart EXCEPT FOR THE PULMONARY ARTERIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What do the pulmonary arteries do?

A

Transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Veins

A

Relatively thinly walled, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood toward the heart EXCEPT FOR THE PULMONARY BEINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What do the pulmonary veins do?

A

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What does much of the blood flow depend on?

A

Their compression by skeletal muscles during movement rather than on the pumping of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Venous circulation is often at odds with ____

A

gravity

55
Q

Why are valves needed in larger veins?

A

To prevent backflow- because large veins are often at odds with gravity.

56
Q

Capillaries

A

Very thin walled vessels (composed of only one layer of endothelial cells) across which respiratory gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and wastes can readily diffuse

57
Q

Which type of vessel have the smallest diameter?

A

Capillaries, RBCS must often travel through them in a single file.

58
Q

What do lymph vessels transport?

A

Interstitial fluid (called lymph) to the cardiovascular system), thereby keeping fluid levels in the body constant.

59
Q

True or false: Lymphatic system is the primary circulatory system

A

FALSE, the cardiovascular system is.

60
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (leukocytes) that filter lymph, removing and destroying foreign particles and pathogens.

61
Q

On average, the human body contains 4-6 liter of ____

A

blood

62
Q

2 components of the blood

A

liquid (55%)- plasma

cellular (45%)

63
Q

What is plasma?

A

An aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, wastes, hormones, and blood proteins

64
Q

Types of blood proteins

A

immunoglobulins, albumins, and fibrinogen

65
Q

The cellular components of blood are:

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

66
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Primary form of o2- carrying component of the blood. Also called red blood cells.

67
Q

What does an erythrocyte contain?

A

250 million molecules of hemoglobin

68
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can hemoglobin bind?

A

up to 4 oxygens per hemoglobin

69
Q

When hemoglobin binds oxygen, it is called:

A

oxyhemoglobin

70
Q

Shape of erythrocytes

A

Biconcave, disklike shape- gives them both increased surface area for gas exchange and greater flexibility for movement through capillaries.

71
Q

How are erythrocytes formed?

A

From stem cells in the bone marrow where they lose their nuclei, mitochondria and membranous organelles.

72
Q

Once mature, how long do RBS circulate the blood?

A

120 days, after which they are phagocytized by special cells in the spleen and liver.

73
Q

Leukocytes– White blood cells

A

Larger than erythrocytes, serve protective functions

74
Q

Macrophages

A

Leukocutes that migrate from blood to tissue and mature are macrophages

75
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that are involved in immune response and the production of antibodies (B cells) or cytolysis of infected cells (T Cells)

76
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation

77
Q

What are the main component of the immune system?

A

Leukocytes

78
Q

Amino acids and simple sugars are absorbed into the bloodstream at the:

A

intestinal capillaries– and after processing are transported throughout the body.

79
Q

Platelet plug

A

Platelets that adhere to each other as a result of coming into contact with the exposed collagen of a damaged vessel.

80
Q

Thromboplastin

A

A clotting factor released by platelets and damaged tissue (after platelet plug is formed)– that along with vitamin K and calcium (cofactors) converts inactive plasma protein prothrombin to its active form (thrombin).

81
Q

Thrombin

A

Converts fibrinogen (another plasma protein) into fibrin

82
Q

Fibrin

A

Coat damaged area and trap blood cells to form a clot

83
Q

Serum

A

The fluid left after blood clotting

84
Q

Antigens

A

non-self entities.

85
Q

Specific immune system comprises the ____ immunity and ____ immunity

A

Humoral

Cell mediated

86
Q

Humoral immunity involved the production of :

A

antibodies

87
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Responsible for both humoral and cell mediated immunity

88
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Involves cells that combat fungal and viral infection

89
Q

Skin

A

Non specific. Barrier against bacterial invasion

Pores on skin’s surface secrete swear, which contains an enzyme that attacks bacterial cell wallls

90
Q

Passages (e.g., the respiratory tract) are lined with _____

A

Lined with ciliated mucus-coated epithelia, which filter and trap foreign particles. Non specific immunity.

91
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulf and destroy foreign particles as a part of NON specific immunity.

92
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Initiated by body in response to physical damage– damaged cells release histamine, cause BVs to dilate, thereby increasing blood flow to damaged regions

93
Q

Granulocytes

A

Attracted to the injury site to phagocytize antigenic material.

94
Q

Interferons

A

Proteins produced by cells under viral attach- diffuse to other cells where they help spread of the virus.

95
Q

5 types of non-specific defense mechanisms

A
  1. Skin
  2. Passages
  3. Macrophages
  4. Inflammatory
    Histamine
    Granulocytes
    Fever
  5. Interferons
96
Q

Antibodies are very specific to:

A

Antigen involved

97
Q

Humoral immunity is responsible for the proliferation of

A

antibodies after exposure to antigens

98
Q

Immunoglobins

A

Another name for antibodies

Complex proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger the immune system to remove them.

99
Q

Antibodies either

  1. )
  2. )
A

1- Attract other cells (such as leukocytes) to phagocytize the antigen
2- Cause antigens to agglutinate and form large insoluble complexes, facilitating their removing by phagocytic cells

100
Q

Active immunity

A

Production of antibodies during an immune response.

Achieved with vaccination– may require weeks to build up

101
Q

Passive immunity

A

Involved the transfer of antibodies produced by another individual or organism– example, during pregnancy

Short lived

immediately acquired and usually not very specific

102
Q

Gamma globulin

A

Fraction of the blood containing a wide variety of antibodies, can be used to confer temporary protection against hepatitis and other diseases by passive immunity.

103
Q

Two major groups of red blood cells antigens

A

ABO group

Rh factor

104
Q

Universal recipient

A

AB blood

105
Q

Universal Donor

A

O blood

106
Q

True or False: Anti-A and Anti B antibodies can cross the placenta

A

FALSE

107
Q

Translocation

A

What circulation in plants is called

108
Q

What must transport systems in plants do?

A

Supply plant cell with nutrients and remove waste products.

109
Q

Plant stem

A

Primary organ of transport in the plant

110
Q

Vascular bundles

A

Run up and down the stem

111
Q

Vascular bundle at the center of the stem contains:

A

xylem, phloem, and cambium cells

112
Q

Xylem cells

A

thick-walled, hollow on the inside of the vascular bundle

113
Q

What do xylem cells do

A

Carry water and minerals up the plant, and their thick walls give the plant rigit support

114
Q

Older xylem cells:

A

die and are used for lumber

115
Q

Sapwood

A

outer layer of xylem. Alive.

116
Q

Two types of xylem cells

A

Vessel cells

Tracheids

117
Q

Transpiration pull

A

As water evaporates from the leaves of the plants, a vacuum is created that pulls water up the stem

118
Q

Capillary action

A

any liquid in a thin rube will rise because of the surface tension of the liquid and interactions between the liquid and the tube

119
Q

Root pressure

A

water entering the root hairs exerts a pressure that pushes water up the stem.

120
Q

Phloem

A

Thin-walled cells on the outside of the vascular bundle

121
Q

What do phloem cells do?

A

Transport nutrients (carbs) down the stem.

122
Q

Types of phloem cells

A
  1. Sieve tube cells

2. Companion cells

123
Q

Are phloem cells living or dead?

A

LIVING

124
Q

If a tree is girdled by removing a strip of bark around the trunk, what happens?

A

Phloem connections are severed and tree will die

125
Q

Cambium

A

Cells are two layers thick

actively dividing undifferentiated cells that give rise to xylem and phloem

126
Q

Proceeding form the outside to inwards, the following layers occur:

A 
epidermis- outer bark
cortex
phloem
cambium
xylem
pith- tissue involved in storage of nutrients and plant support
127
Q

Fibrivascular bundle

A

The phloem, cambium, and xylem layers

128
Q

Root function

A

absorbs material through the root hairs and anchor the plant

129
Q

Root hairs

A

specialized cells of the root epidermis with thin walled projections. Increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

130
Q

Layers of the root

A 
epidermis
cortex
phloem
xylem
cambium
131
Q

What contains the root hair cells?

A

epidermis

132
Q

Meristem

A

actively dividing, undifferentiated cells of a plant

Cambium-type of meristem

133
Q

lateral meristem

A

cambium

provides for lateral growth of the stem by adding to the phloem or xylem

134
Q

apical meristem

A

located at the tips of roots and stems where division leads to increase in lenth.

Old Classes (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions