Chapter 12 Flashcards by Anna Wagner

White and Gray Matter Areas in the Brain:

Gray: Cortex & Cerebral Nuclei

White: Corpus Callosum, Fornix, Septum Pellucidum, Internal Capsule

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What does the Fornix connect?

Hippocampus to other diencephalon structures.

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What is the role of Basal Ganglia?

Basal Ganglia = Basal Nuclei = Cerebral Nuclei

Regulate the initiation of movements, balance, eye movements, and posture.

Strongly connected to other motor areas in the brain and link the thalamus with the motor cortex. –> Accessory Motor System

Basal Ganglia are also involved in Cognitive and Emotional behaviors and play a role in reward and reinforcement, addictive behaviors, and habit forming.

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What structures are a part of the Basal Ganglia?

Caudate Nucleus
Globus Pallidus
Putamen
Nucleus Accumbens
Olfactory Tubercle
Ventral Pallidum

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What are the structures of the diencephalon?

Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus

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Describe the Thalamus

Gateway to cerebral cortex (except olfactory)
Screens out “noise”
Gray Matter with 12 nuclei

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Describe the Hypothalamus

lots of nuclei
controls ANS (temperature, thirst/hunger, mood, sleep/wake, memory)
9 hormones

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Describe the Epithalamus

one small group of nuclei and pineal gland.

Pineal Gland –> melatonin for sleep, bio clock, mood, and timing of puberty.

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Brain Stem: Describe it.

10 of 12 facial nerves.
Auditory and Visual reflexes
Automatic Rigid Behaviors.
Each region of the brainstem sends fibers to cerebellum through the cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, and inferior).

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Describe the Medulla Oblongata

Decussation of pyramids: motor tracts go R to L.
Olive Swellings (sensory/proprioception)
Cranial Nerves 8 - 12
(1) Respiratory, (2) Cardiac, (3) Vascomotor, (4) Reflexes (cough, sneeze, hiccup, vomit, swallow).

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Describe the Pons.

Bridge –> link between brainstem and cerebellum.
Fourth ventricle.
Somatic and Visceral Control.
Smooths out basic breathing rhythm set by Medulla Oblongata
Cranial Nerves 5 - 7

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Describe the Midbrain.

Corpora Quadrigemina: Superior (eye) & Inferior (ear) colliculi
Cerebral Aqueduct
Cranial Nerves 3 - 4

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What are the Cerebellar Peduncles?

Brain stem sends fibers to cerebellum through cerebellar peduncles.

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What are the Choroid Plexuses?

Produces CSF
Complex network of capillaries lined by specialized neuroglia cells (ependymal cells).
Ependymal Cells = ciliated epithelial glial cells.

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Other than the skull, how is the brain protected?

Meninges
CSF
Blood Brain Barrier

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What do meninges do to protect the brain?

Enclose and Protect Blood Vessels that supply the Brain
Contains and Circulates CSF.
Some form veins called dural venous sinuses that drain blood from the brain.

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What is the order of the meninges? And the layers above the meninges?

skin
periosteum 
BONE
Dura Mater (Periosteal & Meningeal Layers)
--> Subdural Space
Arachnoid Mater
--> Subarachnoid Space
Pia Mater

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Describe the Dura Mater.

Periosteal and Meningeal Layers are fused, except at dural venous sinuses.

Structural Support and Carries blood to heart for dural venous sinuses.

Epidural Space: blood vessels to nourish meninges and bones of cranium

Falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli.

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Describe the Arachnoid Mater.

Elastic and Collagen Fibers

Subarachnoid Space: filled with CSF and contains large blood vessels that supply neural tissue.

Arachnoid Villi (granulations): absorb CSF; project into superior sagittal sinus.

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Describe Pia Mater.

Impermeable

Areolar Tissue

Contains Rich Supply of Blood Vessels that nourish brain.

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What spaces does the CSF fill?

Subarachnoid Space
Ventricles in Brain
Spinal Cord.

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What is the role of the CSF?

Cushions
Nutrients/Removes Wastes
Carries Chemical Signals (hormones) between parts of the CNS.

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What is the path of the CSF?

Step 1: CSF produced by choroid plexus of each ventricle.

Step 2: CSF flows from ventricles, out through the median and lateral apertures to the subarachnoid space, and to the central canal.

Step 3: CSF flowing through subarachnoid space is absorbed into dural venous sinuses through arachnoid granulations.

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What is the structure of the Blood Brain Barrier

Capillaries with Tight Junctions (simple squamous cells)
Basement Membrane
Perivascular Feet of Astrocytes

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What locations do NOT have a Blood Brain Barrier?

Choroid Plexuses Hypothalamus Pineal Gland

The Cerebral Cortex is what percent of the brain's mass?

40%

Describe the Cerebellum

2 Cerebellar Hemispheres and 1 Vermis Smooths and Coordinates Body Movements and helps maintain posture and equilibrium. Acts like the stage director: motor cortex sends info to cerebellum about planned movements; cerebellum compares what is planned and actually happening (proprioceptors). If there are differences --> correction. Procedural Motor Memory (Riding a Bike)

What helps to circulate the CSF?

Ventricles and Cilia on Ependymal Cells

What is the order of ventricles and connections?

2 Lateral Ventricles (separated by septum pellucidum) Interventricular Foramen Third Ventricle Cerebral Aqueduct Fourth Ventricle (2 lateral and 1 median aperture) Central Canal of Spinal Cord

How far down does the spinal cord extend?

1st or 2nd lumbar vertebra

What are the features of the inferior spinal cord?

(1) Conus Medullaris - tapered end of spinal cord (2) Filum Terminale - CT into which the conus medullaris develops; attaches to coccyx and holds spinal cord in place. (3) Cauda Equina - collection of spinal nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal.

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

(1) Sensory or Motor Innervation of Body; inferior to head. (2) 2 way conduction pathway for signals between body and brain. Integration site for reflexes.

What are the vertebral sections of the spine?

``` Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5) Coccyx (4) ```

What is the Dorsal Column Pathway?

Aka Posterior Column-medial Lemniscus Pathway It is an Ascending Pathway! Sensory information from upper or lower limbs is transferred to.... - ->Cell Body in dorsal root ganglia - ->Medulla Oblongata (synapses and decussates) - ->Pons & Midbrain - -> Thalamus (synapses with thalamic neuron) - -> Sensory Cortex

What is the Pyramidal Tract?

Aka Lateral Corticospinal Tract Carries out skilled voluntary movement of limb muscles - -> Decussates at Medulla Oblongata - -> Synapses with interneuron in ventral horn OR a motor neuron directly.

Dorsal Horns contain...

Interneurons

Ventral Horns contain....

Cell Bodies

At what levels do we find lateral horns?

Thoracolumbar Region: Thoracic and Lumbar Levels of Spinal Cord. Sympathetic Nervous System (T1 - L2)

Where are somatic and visceral sensory/motor in the spinal cord?

``` DORSAL Somatic Sensory Visceral Sensory Visceral Motor Somatic Motor VENTRAL ```

How do the meninges of the spinal cord compare to the brain?

Meninges of Spinal Cord: (1) Epidural Space -- unique to spinal cord and not found in brain (2) Only meningeal layer (NOT periosteal layer) in spinal cord (3) Has no dural venous sinuses, but has veins that travel in epidural space. Everything else is very similar.

Describe the Epidural Space of the Spinal Cord.

Areolar CT, Adipose Tissue, & Blood Vessels **it's where anesthesia is injected. Only found in spinal cord, NOT brain.

What are the three major areas of the limbic system?

Cingulate Gyrus (emotion and behavior) Amygdala (emotional memories) Hippocampus (learning and memory)

Where is the Reticular Formation located?

Brain Stem. The Reticular Activating System -- axons send information throughout the cortex.

What occurs in the brain to make a person unconscious?

Ascending Pathways between RAS and cerebral cortex are blocked.

What does the Reticular Formation and Reticular Activating System do?

Controls alertness: max alert, wakefulness, sleep, coma

What can an EEG diagnose?

ElectroEncephaloGram Used to diagnose cerebral dysfunction, brain death, sleep patterns

What is Memory Trace?

Neural Change responsible for retention or storage

What occurs in the brain for short term memories?

increases neurotransmitters increases in postsynaptic receptors

What occurs in the brain for long-term memories?

new synapses or new dendrites

Which stage of sleep is slow wave?

Non-REM

Which stage of sleep is dreaming?

REM

What are the stages of sleep?

(1) Awake (2) REM (3) NonREM stage 1: alpha; arousal is easy (4) NonREM stage 2: short high amplitude bursts; arousal is harder (5) NonREM stage 3: theta and delta (6) NonREM stage 4: delta; arousal is difficult

What is consolidation?

Turning short term memories into long term memories.

What is the role of cerebellum in memory?

subconscious motor skills

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in memory?

working memory

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

Short Term Memory and Consolidation Declarative Memory (facts) ; specific objects Requires conscious recall **Ex. memorizing pi

Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, and Ependymal Cells are all examples of glial cells. What is the role of Astrocytes?

(1) Provide substrates for ATP production (2) help form BBB (3) Secrete Neurotrophic Factors (4) Take up K+, water, reuptake of neurotransmitters (5) Source of neural stem cells

Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, and Ependymal Cells are all examples of glial cells. What is the role of Microglia?

Act as scavengers Phagocytes (modified immune cells)

Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, and Ependymal Cells are all examples of glial cells. What is the role of Oligodendrocytes?

form myelin sheaths

Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, and Ependymal Cells are all examples of glial cells. What is the role of Ependymal Cells?

(1) Source of Neural Stem Cells (2) Create Barriers between compartments (3) Involved in producing CSF

What could happen if the left precentral gyrus is damaged?

loss of ability to move right limbs

What could happen if the frontal cortex is damaged?

personality changes

What could happen if the cerebellum is damaged?

loss of motor or procedural memories

What could happen if the insula is damaged?

los of taste (gustation)

What could happen if the right postcentral gyrus is damaged?

loss of touch sensation on left side of body

The CSF is produced by the ______, circulates through the subarachnoid space and then exits into the dural sinus via the ________.

The CSF is produced by the CHOROID PLEXUS, circulates through the subarachnoid space and then exits into the dural sinus via the ARACHNOID VILLI.

The dens of the axis vertebra is pushed up into the most caudal region of the brain stem. Which of the following symptoms would you expect him to develop? a. disruptions in his respiratory activity b. Loss of memory c. Disturbances in his visual system d. Difficulty with digestion e. Problems with hearing. f. Cardiovascular problems

a,d,f

Cancer in the hypothalamus may disrupt.... a. Balance/Equilibrium b. Release of hormones fro the anterior pituitary c. Function of ANS d. Vision e. Regulation of body temperature f. Short-term memory formation g. Personality

b,c,e

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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