Tissues (Modules Review) Flashcards
(243 cards)
1
Q
What is a Tissue?
A
Group of cells with similar structure and function. Contrary to its definition, tissues are made up of cells and Extracellular Matrix (ECM).
2
Q
What does ECM stand for?
A
Extracellular Matrix
3
Q
What is extracellular matrix composed of?
A
Proteins (produced & secreted by tissue cells) and Interstitial Fluid.
4
Q
What are the four primary types of tissues?
A
(1) Epithelial Tissue
(2) Connective Tissue
(3) Muscle Tissue
(4) Nervous Tissue
5
Q
This type of tissue covers all surfaces inside and outside of the body.
A
Epithelial Tissue
6
Q
This tissue connects and supports other tissues.
A
Connective Tissue
7
Q
This tissue is used for movement.
A
Muscle Tissue
8
Q
This tissue controls other organs.
A
Nervous Tissue
9
Q
What does “epi” mean?
A
On or upon.
10
Q
Where is epithelial tissue found?
A
(1) Body’s surface
(2) On Hollow Organs (outside)
(3) Lining of Hollow Organs (inside)
(4) Lining of Body Cavities
11
Q
Substances that enter or leave the body must pass through what type of tissue?
A
Epithelial Tissue
12
Q
This tissue is similar to a sheet of cells that contains little or no extracellular matrix.
A
Epithelial Tissue
13
Q
This type of tissue allows glands to produce and secrete substances.
A
Glandular Epithelium
14
Q
What are the functions of the Epithelium?
A
(1) Protection
(2) Absorption, Secretion, Ion Transport
(3) Filtration
(4) Forms Slippery Surfaces
15
Q
What are the 6 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?
A
(1) Cellularity
(2) Polarity
(3) Regeneration
(4) Avascular
(5) Innervated
(6) Attachment
16
Q
There are 6 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: What is Cellularity?
A
(1) Cellularity: crowded cells with minimal extracellular material. Cells are joined by lateral junctions.
(2) Polarity
(3) Regeneration
(4) Avascular
(5) Innervated
(6) Attachment
17
Q
There are 6 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: What is Polarity?
A
(1) Cellularity
(2) Polarity: Apical (exposed) and Basal (attached to underlying tissue) surfaces. The Apical surface can be modified with cilia or microvilli.
(3) Regeneration
(4) Avascular
(5) Innervated
(6) Attachment
18
Q
There are 6 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: What is Regeneration?
A
(1) Cellularity
(2) Polarity
(3) Regeneration: Epithelial Tissue is subjected to friction, abrasion, and hostile environments – resulting in a loss of these surface cells. These cells are replaced using mitosis.
(4) Avascular
(5) Innervated
(6) Attachment
19
Q
There are 6 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: What is Avascular?
A
(1) Cellularity
(2) Polarity
(3) Regeneration
(4) Avascular: Epithelia lack blood vessels and receive nutrients only from underlying connective tissues through diffusion. Blood vessels are in the CT below.
(5) Innervated
(6) Attachment
20
Q
There are 6 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: What is innervated?
A
(1) Cellularity
(2) Polarity
(3) Regeneration
(4) Avascular
(5) Innervated: Contain nerve endings for sensation on the Basal end.
(6) Attachment
21
Q
There are 6 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: What is Attachment?
A
(1) Cellularity
(2) Polarity
(3) Regeneration
(4) Avascular
(5) Innervated
(6) Attachment: All epithelial sheets are supported and attached to underlying tissue by a basement membrane. This basement membrane is composed of a basal lamina (top - for filtering) and reticular fibers (bottom - for attachment).
22
Q
What are the four major types of lateral cell junctions in Epithelial Tissue?
A
(1) Tight Junctions (zona occludens)
(2) Adherens Junctions (zonula adherens)
(3) Desmosomes
(4) Gap Junctions
23
Q
What are the four major types of lateral cell junctions in Epithelial Tissue? Describe Tight Junctions.
A
(1) Tight Junctions (zona occludens): Located on Apical Region. Proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells are fused at several places. Tight Junctions close off intercellular space and prevent molecules from passing between cells.
(2) Adherens Junctions (zonula adherens)
(3) Desmosomes
(4) Gap Junctions
24
Q
What are the four major types of lateral cell junctions in Epithelial Tissue? Describe Adherens Junctions (zonula adherens).
A
(1) Tight Junctions (zona occludens)
(2) Adherens Junctions (zonula adherens): Type of anchoring junction that forms an adhesion BELT. Transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments in the cytoskeleton and adhere adjacent cells. Adherens Junctions reinforce tight junctions when it is stretched.
(3) Desmosomes
(4) Gap Junctions
25
What are the four major types of lateral cell junctions in Epithelial Tissue? Describe Desmosomes.
(1) Tight Junctions (zona occludens)
(2) Adherens Junctions (zonula adherens)
(3) Desmosomes: Near Basement Membrane. Main type of anchoring junction and prevent tearing. Two disc-like plaques on the cytoplasmic side of each plasma membrane connect across intercellular space by linker proteins (zipper). Intermediate filaments (type of cytoskeleto) from each cell insert into the disc-like plaques. Desmosomes are not only found in Epithelial Tissue, but in Cardiac Muscle.
(4) Gap Junctions
26
What are the four major types of lateral cell junctions in Epithelial Tissue? Describe Gap Junctions.
1) Tight Junctions (zona occludens)
(2) Adherens Junctions (zonula adherens)
(3) Desmosomes
(4) Gap Junctions: Near the Basement Membrane. Channels connecting adjacent cells. Hollow Cylinders of protein and allow small molecules (ions) to move directly between cells. Aids with intercellular communication. Not only found in Epithelial Tissue, but also found in smooth and cardiac muscle.
27
What two tissues are found on the more Apical Region of an Epithelial Cell?
Tight Junctions and Adherens Junctions
28
What two tissues are found on the more Basal Region of an Epithelial Cell?
Desmosomes and Gap Junctions
29
What type of junction does this describe: Proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells fuse together. Intracellular space is closed off and molecules cannot pass between cells.
Tight Junctions
30
Another name for Tight Junction....
Zona Occludens
31
Another name for Adherens Junctions:
zonula adherens
32
What type of junction does this describe: type of anchoring junction that forms an adhesion belt. Transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments in cytoskeleton and bind the cells together.
Adherens Junction
33
What type of junction does this describe: Reinforces tight junctions when tissue is stretched.
Adherens Junctions
34
What type of junction does this describe: main type of anchoring junction that holds cells together and prevents tearing. Uses two disc-like plaques on the cytoplasmic side of each plasma membrane. The disc-like plaques connect across intercellular space using linker proteins that are zipped together.
Desmosomes
35
This type of junction is also found in cardiac muscle.
Desmosome
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What type of junction does this describe: Channels that connect neighboring cells. Formed by hollow cylinders of protein and allow small molecules to move through.
Gap Junction
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This type of junction helps with intercellular communication.
Gap Junctions
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This type of cell junction is also found in smooth and cardiac muscle.
Gap Junctions
39
Are epithelial tissues innervated and vascularized?
Epithelial Tissues are NOT vascularized, but they are innervated.
40
If Epithelial Tissues are not vascularized, how do they get their nutrients?
Through diffusion from underlying connective tissue.
41
What type of cell junction prevents movement of molecules in the lateral space between cells?
Tight Junctions
42
Epithelial Tissues have two words in their name followed by the word "epithelium". What are these two words?
(1) Simple OR Stratified
| (2) Squamous OR Cuboidal OR Columnar
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What is the purpose of simple epithelial cells?
absorption or secretion.
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What is the purpose of stratified epithelial tissue?
provide protection
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What does Simple Squamous Epithelium look like?
Single Layer of flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei.
46
Where is simple squamous epithelium located?
(1) Alveloi of Lungs
(2) Lining of Heart, Blood, and Lymphatic Vessles
(3) Lining of ventral body cavity (serous membranes)
(4) Renal corpuscles in the kidney
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What is the purpose of Simple Squamous Epithelium?
Allows passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration. Secretes lubricating substances in serous membranes.
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What are the two types of Simple Squamous Epithelium?
(1) Endothelium
| (2) Mesothelium
49
What is Endothelium?
inner cover - slick lining of hollow organs. lines the inside of blood vessels and hollow tubes.
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What is Mesothelium?
middle covering - lines peritoneal, pleural, pericardial cavities and covers visceral organs of those cavities.
51
Describe Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?
Single layer of cube-like cells with large nuclei.
Secretion & Absorption
Found in the Kidney Tubules, Secretory portions of glands (thyroid, pancreas, salivary), and ovary surface.
52
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?
(1) Kidney Tubules
(2) Secretory Portions of Glands (thyroid, pancreas, salivary)
(3) Ovary Surface
53
Describe Simple Columnar Epithelium:
Single Layer of Column-shaped cells with oval nuclei.
Absorption & Secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc.
Some have cilia or microvilli at apical surface. May also contain goblet cells.
54
What kinds of modifications can Simple Columnar Epithelium have?
Cilia or Microvilli on Apical Surface
Goblet Cells (mucus-secreting)
55
Simple Columnar Epithelium can have cilia or microvilli modifications on their apical surface. What is the purpose of cilia?
Cilia contain an arrangement of microtubules. Cilia move in waves to cause cell surface movement. Ciliated columnar epithelium move mucus or reproductive cells using ciliary action.
56
Simple Columnar Epithelium can have cilia or microvilli modifications on their apical surface. What is the purpose of microvilli?
finger-like extensions caused by folding of the plasma membrane -- increases surface area.
Found in small intestine & kidney.
Microvilli also resist abrasion.
57
Simple Columnar Epithelium can have cilia or microvilli modifications on their apical surface. Where are non-ciliated types located?
digestive tract and gallbladder.
58
Simple Columnar Epithelium can have cilia or microvilli modifications on their apical surface. Where are ciliated types found?
lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus.
59
Describe Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium.
single layer of cells of differing heights. All cells rest on the basement membrane.
May contain goblet cells and/or have cilia.
Purpose: secrete mucus, ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells using ciliary action.
60
What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
(1) Secrete Mucus
| (2) Ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells using ciliary action.
61
Where are Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium found?
Trachea and most of upper respiratory tract.
62
What is pseudostratified non-ciliated columnar epithelium found?
ducts of male reproductive tubes.
63
Describe Stratified Squamous Epithelium.
several layers. Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar. Apical Cells are squamous.
protects underlying tissues. -- abrasion.
Two types of stratified squamous epithelium: Keratinized (epidermis/skin) and Nonkeratinized (esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina, urethra) Stratified Squamous Epithelium.
64
What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?
(1) Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
| (2) Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
65
What is Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium?
epidermis/skin -- surface cells are dead and contain no nuclei, but full of keratin. Keratin is a protective protein that waterproofs the skin.
66
What is Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium?
moist lining of body cavities and openings: esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina, and urethra.
Living cells containing a nuclei.
67
Describe Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
2 layers of cube-shaped cells. Rare.
Protection
Lines ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, and large sweat glands.
68
Describe Stratified Columnar Epithelium.
Several layers of cells. Basal cells are usually cuboidal. Superficial cells are columnar. Rare.
Protection and Secretion.
Found in Male Urethra and large ducts of some glands.
69
Describe Transitional Epithelium.
Cells transition between two shapes. Basal cells are usually cuboidal or columnar.
lines urinary bladder, ureters, and proximal urethra.
Dome-shaped superficial cells in unstretched organ. When organ is stretched, it will flatten into squamous.
Can stretch and allows for distension of organ. Doesn't allow urine to pass through.
Lines ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra.
70
What lines the inside of a fallopian tube?
Epithelial Tissue
71
What are glands?
Epithelial Cells that can produce and secrete a product. There are two types of glands.
72
What are the two types of glands?
Exocrine Glands
| Endocrine Glands
73
What are exocrine glands?
ducts carry products to the epithelial surface.
74
What are some examples of exocrine glands?
mucus-secreting glands, sweat/oil glands, salivary glands, pancreas and liver.
75
What type of epithelial tissue lines exocrine gland ducts?
cuboidal cells.
76
What are endocrine glands?
ductless glands. Secrete hormones into blood.
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How are exocrine glands classified?
(1) secretion method
(2) number of cells they contain
(3) gland structure
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Exocrine glands are classified by how they secrete materials, the number of cells they contain , and gland structure. In terms of their mode of secretion, what are the three different types?
(1) Merocrine
(2) Apocrine
(3) Holocrine
79
Merocrine, Apocrine, and Holocrine are the three gland types based on mode of secretion. What is Merocrine secretion?
Merocrine Secretion: product is released by exocytosis.
Ex. sweat and mucus.
80
Merocrine, Apocrine, and Holocrine are the three gland types based on mode of secretion. What is Apocrine secretion?
Apocrine Secretion: portion of cytoplasm containing secretory vesicles is shed from cell.
81
Merocrine, Apocrine, and Holocrine are the three gland types based on mode of secretion. What is Holocrine secretion?
Holocrine Secretion: the entire cell becomes packed with secretions and busts open to release the secretions (sebum - oil)
82
Glands are classified by their secretion method, number of cells, and gland structure. In terms of number of cells, glands can be....
Unicellular or Multicellular Glands.
83
What are goblet cells?
Unicellular exocrine glands found between epithelial cells.
Produce and secrete mucin (protein) that forms mucus when added to water.
84
Are most gland cells unicellular or multicellular?
Multicellular.
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What basic parts make up multicellular glands?
(1) Duct lined with epithelial tissue
| (2) Secretory Unit
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Multicellular Glands are classified based on....
(1) Structure of duct
| (2) Shape of Secretory unit
87
What are the two types of ducts in multicullular glands?
Simple - unbranched duct
| Compound - duct is branched.
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What are the three types of multicellular glands, based on shape of their secretory unit?
(1) Tubular -- secretory unit is tube-like
(2) Alveolar (acinar) - spherical sac
(3) Tubuloalveolar -- both tubular and alveolar units
89
What type of secretion is used to release sweat?
Merocrine Secretion: human sweat is released through exocytosis.
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What type of epithelial tissue functions best in diffusion?
simple squamous epithelium
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What tissue is the most diverse and abundant in the human body?
Connective Tissue
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All CT comes from a common embryonic origin called....
mesenchyme
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What do CT's have in common?
(1) Cells are Specialized
(2) Cells are separated by large amounts of extracellular matrix.
(3) Connective Tissues are found underneath the epithelial tissues.
(4) Connective Tissues are vascularized and innervated. (Exceptions: dense regular connective tissues are NOT vascular -- tendons and ligaments do not heal quickly. Cartilage is avascular and non-innervated.)
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What are some functions of CT's?
(1) Structural Framework of body.
(2) Binds tissues and organs to each other.
(3) provide physical protection
(4) Store fat
(5) Transport fluids and solutes in the body.
(6) microorganism defense.
95
What are the three components of connective tissues?
(1) Specialized Cells
(2) Protein Fibers
(3) Ground Substance
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Connective Tissues are made up of one or more specialized cells that can either stay in place or move through the connective tissue. What are these types?
Resident Cells - don't move
| Migrating Cells - move
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Are Fibroblasts residential or migrating?
Resident Cells
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Fibroblasts are a specialized cell in CT. What do fibroblasts do?
Resident Cells: make protein portion of extracellular matrix and secrete molecules that form the ground substance.
**In Cartilage they are called chondroblasts. In bone they are called osteoblasts.
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In cartilage, the specialized cells that secrete the extracellular matrix are called...
chondroblasts
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In bone, the specialized cells that secrete the extracellular matrix are called.....
osteoblasts
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What are fibrocytes?
Resident Cells that are no longer secreting matrix; they now maintain and repair it.
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Resident cells that are no longer secreting matrix, but maintain and repair it are called....
fibrocytes
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In cartilage the cells that no longer secrete matrix; but now maintain and repair it are called....
chondrocytes
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In bone the cells that no longer secrete matrix; but now maintain and repair it are called....
osteocytes
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What is a macrophage?
Resident and/or migrating cells that phagocytize pathogens, cell debris, and other foreign items.
106
What is adipocytes?
Fat Cells - Resident Cells that fill with liquid fat/nutrients. Have a flat nuclei that is pushed to the side.
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What are mast cells?
promote inflammation during infection or allergic reaction.
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White Blood Cells respond and protect us against infectious and foreign components in CT. WBC's are also called....
Leukocytes
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What are some examples of WBC's?
Neutrophils and Lymphocytes
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______ secrete proteins called antibodies that can recognize and mark foreign cells.
Plasma Cells
111
What kind of specialized cells secrete proteins called antibodies?
Plasma Cells
112
What are antibodies?
Proteins that recognize and mark foreign cells.
113
Extracellular Matrix refers to two substances:
Ground Substance and Protein Fibers
114
What cells produce the extracellular matrix?
Fibroblasts
115
What are protein fibers?
Provide support in the extracellular matrix. There are three kinds:
(1) Collagen Fibers
(2) Reticular Fibers
(3) Elastic Fibers
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What are the three types of protein fibers in the extracellular matrix?
(1) Collagen Fibers
(2) Reticular Fibers
(3) Elastic Fibers
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There are three types of protein fibers in the extracellular matrix. Describe Collagen Fibers.
(1) Collagen Fibers: strongest and most abundant. Resists tension and provides little flexibility to tissues.
(2) Reticular Fibers
(3) Elastic Fibers
118
There are three types of protein fibers in the extracellular matrix. Describe Reticular Fibers.
(1) Collagen Fibers
(2) Reticular Fibers: cluster into mesh-like network. Provides flexibility and support.
(3) Elastic Fibers
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There are three types of protein fibers in the extracellular matrix. Describe Elastic Fibers.
(1) Collagen Fibers
(2) Reticular Fibers
(3) Elastic Fibers: contain rubberlike protein elastin -- can stretch and recoil to original shape.
120
What is the ground substance?
Produced by fibroblasts. Hydrophilic. Holds tissue fluid (interstitial) , which comes from blood.
121
What is the consistency of connective tissue proper:
viscous (thick) or syrupy gel.
122
What is the consistency of cartilage?
hard and gel-like
123
What is the consistency of bone?
Hard, calcified salts.
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What is the consistency of blood?
liquid.
125
What are the four main types of connective tissue?
(1) Connective Tissue Proper
(2) Cartilage
(3) Bone
(4) Blood
126
Connective Tissue Proper can be further divided into....
Loose and Dense
127
What are the three types of Loose Connective Tissue Proper?
Areolar, Adipose, and Reticular
128
What are the three types of Dense Connective Tissue Proper?
Regular
Irregular
Elastic
129
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, Fibro-Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage
130
What are the two types of bone?
Compact and Spongy
131
What extracellular material is good for resisting tension?
Collagen
132
Describe Connective Tissue Proper.
Syrupy ground substance filled with fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, and adipocytes.
Can be loose or dense connective tissues.
133
What's the difference between loose and dense connective tissues?
Loose: protein fibers are present, but are separated by ground substance.
Dense: protein fibers (mostly collagen) are packed together with little ground substance between them.
134
Areolar Connective Tissue
Adipose Connective Tissue
Reticular Connective Tissue
What do all three have in common?
Loose Connective Tissue Proper -- protein fibers are present but are spaced apart.
135
Dense Irregular CT
Dense Regular CT
Elastic Connective Tissue
What do these CT's have in common?
Dense Connective Tissue Proper -- protein fibers are packed together with little ground substance between them.
136
Name the types of tissues that fall under Connective Tissue Proper.
(1) Loose: Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
| (2) Dense: Regular, Irregular, Elastic
137
What is the structure of areolar connective tissue like?
Abstract Art:
gel-like matrix with all three protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular).
Contains most cell types (fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBCs.)
Regenerative
138
Where do we find areolar connective tissue?
packages organs
surrounds small nerves and blood vessels.
under epithelia and borders all other tissues.
139
What is the purpose of areolar connective tissue?
wraps & cushions organs
holds and moves tissue fluid
role in inflammation
main defense against infection by microorganisms.
140
What are Adipose Tissues?
Tissue made of fat cells (adipocytes).
141
What does Adipose Tissue look like?
closely packed clusters of fat cells.
Nucleus pushed to side.
142
What is the purpose of Adipose Tissue?
Food Energy
Insulates against heat loss
Supports and Protects organs
143
Where are Adipose Tissues found?
Under the skin
Encasing the Kidneys
Behind eyes
Abdomen
Breasts & Butt
144
What do adipose cells look like?
Marshmallows
145
What is reticular tissue?
Type of Loose Connective Tissue Proper -- contains many reticular fibers and physically supports cells.
146
What does a reticular tissue look like?
network of delicate reticular fibers in loose ground substance.
147
What is the function of reticular tissue?
forms a soft, internal skeleton for organs (mainly lymphoid).
148
Where is reticular tissue located?
Lymph Nodes
Bone Marrow
Spleen
149
Where is reticular tissue located?
Lymph Nodes
Bone Marrow
Spleen
150
What does reticular tissue look like?
Chicken Wire
151
Is Dense Regular Tissue vascularized?
No. Has poor regenerative properties.
152
Describe the structure of Dense Regular Tissue.
fibroblasts are sandwiched between parallel rows of collagen fibers.
Contains some elastic protein fibers.
153
What is the purpose of dense regular tissue?
Attaches muscle to bone (tendons) and bone to bone (ligaments).
Can undergo large amounts of stress in one direction.
154
What attaches muscle to bone?
Tendons
155
What attaches bone to bone?
Ligaments
156
Tendons and Ligaments are an example of what type of tissue?
Dense Regular Tissue
157
What are some examples of Dense Regular Tissue?
Tendons, Ligaments, Aponeuroses (flat tendons)
158
What does dense regular tissue look like?
Stacked lasagna noodles.
159
What does Dense Irregular Tissue look like?
Irregularly arranged Collagen protein fibers that are arranged in swirls. Also contains elastic fibers and fibroblasts.
160
What is the function of dense irregular tissue?
can withstand forces in many directions.
provides structural strength
regenerative
161
Where do we find examples of dense irregular tissue?
Skin
Submucosa of digestive tract
Fibrous capsules of joints and organs.
162
What do dense irregular tissue resemble?
Cream Swirl Candies
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Where do we find elastic connective tissue?
walls of arteries
some ligaments
surrounds bronchial tubes
**RARE
164
What is the structure of elastic connective tissue
made mostly of elastic fibers
165
What is the purpose of elastic connective tissue?
Recoil after stretching
166
What are cartilage tissues?
firm, flexible gel matrix containing mostly water. Protein fibers (mostly collagen) run through it.
167
What specialized cells are found in cartilage?
Chondroblasts (immature cells - lay down new ECM in cartilage)
Chondrocytes (mature cells - maintain extracellular matrix.
168
Chondrocytes sit in a ________ pocket in the ECM.
Lacuna (Lacunae is plural)
169
Are cartilage tissues vascularized and innervated?
Avascular
Non-Innervated
**Do NOT regenerate easily.
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There are three types of cartilage:
Hyaline
Fibro-Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
171
There are three types of cartilage. What is the structure of hyaline cartilage?
Most abundant, but the weakest.
collagen fibers in matrix with chondrocytes lying in lacunae.
172
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
Supports and Reinforces
Provides Resilient Cushion
Resists Repetitive Stress
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Where is hyaline cartilage located?
Fetal Skeleton
Ends of long bones
Costal Cartilage of ribs
Cartilages of Nose
Trachea
Larynx
174
What does hyaline cartilage resemble?
Swiss Cheese
175
Where is elastic cartilage found?
outer ear (pinna or auricle)
lid on top of the larynx (voicebox) called the epiglottis.
176
What is the structure of elastic cartilage?
Similar to hyaline, but with more elastic fibers.
177
What is the purpose of elastic cartilage?
Maintains shape of structure
| Allows flexibility
178
Is fibrocartilage weak or strong?
Strong Tissue -- resists compression and pulling.
179
What is the structure of fibrocartilage?
matrix less firm than hyaline cartilage but contains thick collagen fibers.
180
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
resists compression
absorbs shock
181
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Intervertebral discs
Pubic Symphysis
Discs of Knee Joint
182
What does fibrocartilage look like?
stacked lasagna but with chrondrocytes and lacunae.
183
What are the two types of bone?
Spongy and Compact
184
Describe Bone Tissue.
calcified extracellular matrix with collagen fibers.
185
What are the specialized cells of bone tissue?
Osteoblasts (immature cells - secrete ECM)
Osteocytes (mature cells - maintain bone matrix)
186
Where are osteocytes located in bone tissue?
They sit in a lacuna pocket in the ECM.
187
Is Bone Tissue Vascularized and innervated?
Yes! It is regenerative.
188
What are the functions of bone tissue?
```
support of organs
protection of body structures
attachments sites to muscles
mineral storage
fat storage
blood cell formation
```
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What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?
Compact Bone - more complex and orderly
190
What is the structure of compact bone?
calcified matrix containing collagen fibers
matrix is arranged in concentric columns called osteons.
LOTS of collagen fibers
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What is the function of compact bone?
restricts compression and absorbs shock.
192
Where is compact bone located?
dense outer layer of bones.
193
What is the structure of spongy bone?
bone matrix arranged into finger-like projections called trabeculae.
194
What is trabeculae?
finger-like projections in the bone matrix of spongy bone.
195
What is the purpose of spongy bone?
Resists compression and absorbs shock.
196
Where is spongy bone located?
inner layer of bone next to the marrow and at the ends of long bones.
197
What is the structure of blood tissue?
consists of cells surrounded by a liquid plasma matrix.
Specialized cells: erythrocytes (RBC) , leukocytes (WBC), and pieces of cells called platelets (thrombocytes).
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What is the function of blood tissue?
transport wastes, hormones, nutrients, and gases.
kills pathogens
clotting
199
Where is blood tissue found?
blood vessels
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What are body membranes?
thin structures that consist of epithelial sheet and an underlying connective tissue layer.
201
What is the Cutaneous Membrane?
skin
202
What is the Mucous Membrane
Mucosa of nasal cavity, mouth, esophagus lining, and lung.
203
What is the Serous Membrane
Parietal Peritoneum and Visceral Peritoneum
Parietal Pleura and Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pericardium and Visceral Pericardium
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What is the Synovial Membrane?
Joint Cavity
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What is the structure of cutaneous membranes?
thick, waterproof, dry membranes that cover body surface.
Epidermis (top layer of skin) is made of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.
Dermis (lower skin layer) is made of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue.
Cutaneous membranes are modified with glands: secrete sweat, oil, milk, and wax.
206
What is the purpose of the cutaneous membrane?
protect internal organs
prevents water loss
maintains body temperature
calcium and phosphate regulation
sensations
excrete sweat, milk, sebum, and wax.
207
Where is the cutaneous membrane found?
Covers the body.
208
What is the structure of the mucous membrane (mucosa)?
thin, moist, transparent membranes
the CT is usually areolar connective tissue.
209
What is the function of the Mucous Membrane?
Secretes mucus that traps bacteria, lubricates organ surfaces, and prevents cells from drying out.
210
Where is the Mucous Membrane Located?
line cavities that communicate with the exterior (digestive, urinary, reproductive, respiratory)
211
What is the structure of the serous membranes?
thin, moist, transparent.
simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium).
CT is areolar.
212
What is the function of the serous membranes?
secrete serous fluid: pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, or peritoneal fluid.
Purpose of fluids: reduce friction with organs during movemeent and prevent organs from sticking to things.
213
Where are the serous membranes (serosa) located?
line the closed central cavities: pleural, peritoneal, pericardial cavities.
214
What type of membrane lines the body cavity Wall?
Parietal Membrane
215
What type of membrane lies on the organ?
Visceral
216
What is structure of the synovial membranes?
made up of simple squamous or simple cuboidal epithelial cells that lack a basement membrane.
Areolar CT
217
What is the function of the synovial membranes?
secrete fluid called synovial fluid: lubricates bones and joints. nourishes the cartilage at the ends of the bones.
218
Where is synovial membrane located?
Line the joint cavity between bones.
219
What type of membrane is found on the surface of the abdominopelvic region?
Cutaneous Membrane
220
Are muscle tissues innervated and vascularized?
Yes.
221
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
(1) Skeletal Muscle Tissue
(2) Cardiac Muscle Tissue
(3) Smooth Muscle Tissue
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What is the structure of muscle tissue?
long cells with hundreds of nuclei. Nuclei are located along the edges of the muscle fibers.
Protein fibers in the cells are parallel to one another. Where fibers overlap are called striations.
223
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
Voluntary movement
Move things in Environment
Facial Expression
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What does skeletal muscle attach to?
Bone and sometimes skin
225
What is the structure of cardiac muscle?
long cells with 1-2 nuclei per cell. Filled with proteins that are parallel and have striations.
desmosomes and gap junctions occur between cardiac muscle fibers. intercalated discs form.
226
What is the function of cardiac muscle?
contracts involuntarily to move blood in circulatory system.
227
Where is cardiac muscle located?
Wall of the heart
228
What is the structure of smooth muscle tissue?
one nucleus. Protein fibers are randomly arranged in cell. No striations. Muscle fibers arranged close together to form sheets.
229
What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?
moves food, urine, babies, blood, etc. along internal openings.
Involuntary control of relaxing and contracting.
230
Where is smooth muscle located?
walls of hollow organs: stomach and uterus.
231
What. type of tissue has intercalated discs?
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
232
What are the two major types of cells in nervous tissue?
Neurons (nerve cells)
Neuroglial Cells (glial cells, glia)
233
What is the structure of nervous tissue?
neurons and neuroglial cells
vascularized but not very regenerative.
234
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Neurons: generate and conduct electrical impulses.
Neuroglial Cells: supporting cells that nourish, isolate, and protect neurons.
235
Where is nervous tissue located?
Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
236
complex glycoproteins secreted by goblet cells are called....
Mucin -- water soluble.
237
Unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus.
Goblet Cells
238
Which tissue would line the uterine (fallopian) tubes and function as a "conveyer belt" to move a fertilized egg?
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
239
What would happen if movable joints contained a higher amount of elastic fibers?
Ligaments would be more elastic and would provide a higher level of flexibility, but wouldn't be stable! The joints could undergo misalignment and dislocation.
240
What is NOT found in cartilage but is found in bone?
Blood Vessels
241
Smooth Muscle -- is it under voluntary or involuntary control?
Smooth and Cardiac Muscle are under involuntary control.
Skeletal muscle is voluntary.
242
Why is smooth muscle called "smooth"?
lacks striations that are typical of skeletal and cardiac muscle.
243
Are ligaments vascular or avascular?
Avascular -- take longer to heal
