Chapter 1 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What is Gross Anatomy?
A
Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.
2
Q
What are the three forms of Gross Anatomy?
A
(1) Regional Anatomy
(2) Systemic Anatomy
(3) Surface Anatomy
3
Q
What is Regional Anatomy?
A
All structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a given region of the body that are all being studied at the same time.
4
Q
What is Systemic Anatomy?
A
Studying the body by looking at its systems. Ex. The cardiovascular system studies the heart and blood vessels of the whole body.
5
Q
What is Surface Anatomy?
A
Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
Ex. feeling pulse and drawing blood.
6
Q
What are two forms of Microscopic Anatomy?
A
(1) Cytology
(2) Histology
7
Q
What is Cytology?
A
A type of microscopic anatomy that studies the cells of the body.
8
Q
What is Histology?
A
A type of microscopic anatomy that studies tissues of the body.
9
Q
What is Developmental Anatomy?
A
Studies structural changes that occur throughout development of an organism’s life.
10
Q
What is Pathological Anatomy?
A
Studies structural changes caused by disease.
11
Q
What is Radiographic Anatomy?
A
Studies internal structures visualized by x-ray imaging or other scanning procedures.
12
Q
What are the topics of anatomy?
A
(1) Gross Macroscopic Anatomy
(2) Microscopic Anatomy
(3) Developmental Anatomy
(4) Pathological Anatomy
(5) Radiographic Anatomy
13
Q
What is Palpation?
A
Feeling organs with your hands.
14
Q
What is Auscultation?
A
Listening to organ sounds using a stethoscope.
15
Q
What are some examples of imaging tools?
A
(1) X-Rays
(2) CT Scans
(3) Digital Subtraction Angiography
(4) PET Scans
(5) MRI
(6) Ultrasound
16
Q
What is Renal Physiology?
A
It is the study of the physiology of Kidney Function and Urine Production.
17
Q
What is Neurophysiology?
A
It is the study of the physiology of the nervous system.
18
Q
What is Cardiovascular Physiology?
A
It is the study of the physiology of the heart and blood vessels.
19
Q
What does “Complementarity of Structure and Function” refer to?
A
Function always reflects structure.
20
Q
What are the Levels of Organization in a Human?
A
(1) Chemical Level: Atoms, Molecules, Organelles.
(2) Cellular Level
(3) Tissue Level
(4) Organ Level
(5) Organ System Level
(6) Organism
21
Q
What does the Chemical Level in “Levels of Organization” include?
A
Cells, Molecules, and Organelles.
22
Q
What is a Tissue?
A
Group of similar cells that have a common function.
23
Q
What are four examples of tissues?
A
(1) Epithelial Tissue
(2) Muscle Tissue
(3) Connective Tissue
(4) Nervous Tissue
24
Q
What is Epithelial Tissue?
A
Covers the body’s surface and lines its cavities.
25
What is Connective Tissue?
Supports and protects body organs.
26
What is Nervous Tissue?
Provides a method of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.
27
What is an organ?
An organ is a specific structure composed of at least two types of tissue that performs a specific function for the body.
28
What kinds of tissues are found in a stomach?
(1) Epithelium: lining that produces the digestive juices.
(2) Muscle Wall, which churns and mixes stomach contents.
(3) Connective tissue reinforces the soft muscle walls.
(4) Nerve Fibers: increase digestive activity by stimulating the muscles to contract and glands to secrete digestive enzymes.
29
What are the eleven organ systems?
MURDER LINCS:
(1) Muscular System, (2) Urinary System, (3) Respiratory System, (4) Digestive System, (5) Endocrine System, (6) Reproductive System, (7) Lymphatic System (Immune), (8) Integumentary System, (9) Nervous System, (10) Cardiovascular System, (11) Skeletal System
30
What is the cardiovascular system?
Heart & Blood Vessels carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
31
What is the Integumentary System?
External Body covering and protects deeper tissues. Synthesizes vitamin D, houses pressure/pain receptors, and sweat/oil glands.
32
What is the Skeletal System?
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework for muscles. Bones store minerals and blood cells are formed inside bones.
33
What is the role of the muscular system?
Movement, Posture, Produces Heat
34
What is the endocrine system?
Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by cells.
35
What is the Lymphatic System?
Immune System -- houses white blood cells. Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream.
36
What is the respiratory system?
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
37
What is the Digestive System?
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to cells. Indigestible material exit in the feces.
38
What is the urinary system?
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balanced of the blood.
39
What are eight necessary life functions?
MR BG DREM
(1) Movement, (2) Responsiveness, (3) Boundaries, (3) Growth, (4) Digestion, (5) Reproduction, (6) Excretion, (7) Metabolism
40
What does the plasma membrane separate?
Intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid.
41
What extracellular fluid surrounds and bathes all of our cells? It is NOT enclosed by blood vessels?
Interstitial Fluid
42
What boundary encloses the whole body?
The integumentary system (skin)
43
What is muscle shortening called?
Contractility
44
What organ system plays a big role in Responsiveness?
Nervous System
45
What organ system distributes digested material to cells?
Cardiovascular system.
46
What is Metabolism?
chemical reactions that occur with body cells. It includes catabolism, anabolism, and cellular respiration.
47
What is catabolism?
breaking down substances into simpler building blocks.
48
What is anabolism?
synthesizing more complex substances from simpler building blocks.
49
What is Cellular Respiration?
Using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP, the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities.
50
Which systems play a role in metabolism?
Metabolism depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood, and on the cardiovascular system to distribute them throughout the body.
51
How is metabolism regulated?
By hormones secreted by the endocrine system glands.
52
What are some examples of excretion in the body?
(1) Digestive system uses feces
(2) Urinary System uses Urine
(3) Lungs get rid of Carbon Dioxide.
53
How is organism reproduction regulated?
hormones and the endocrine system.
54
What kinds of things does a human need to survive?
(1) Nutrients
(2) Oxygen
(3) Water
(4) Normal Body Temperature
(5) Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
55
What are nutrients?
Chemical substances used for energy and cell building.
56
What kinds of nutrients do we find in plants?
carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
57
What kinds of nutrients do we find in animal based food?
proteins and fats
58
What are carbohydrates needed for?
major energy fuel for cells
59
What are proteins needed for?
building cell structure.
60
What are fats needed for?
Provide a reserve of energy-rich fuel.
61
Why is oxygen needed?
The chemical reactions that release energy from foods are oxidative reactions -- they require oxygen. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems ensure oxygen is available.
62
What percent of the human body is water?
50 - 60%
63
Why is a normal body temperature needed?
Metabolic Reactions slow/stop at cold temperatures. At high temperatures the body systems stop functioning. The activity of the muscular system generates the most heat.
64
What is homeostasis?
Internal conditions remain relatively stable even though the outside world changes continuously.
65
Homeostatic Control relies on the communication of....
Nervous and Endocrine Systems -- use neural electrical impulses or blood-borne hormones, as information carriers.
66
What is a variable in homeostasis?
Factor or event being regulated.
67
What are the three components that work together to maintain homeostasis of a given variable?
(1) Receptor
(2) Control Center
(3) Effector
68
What is a Receptor in homeostasis?
Sensor that monitors the environment. It responds to stimuli by sending input along the afferent pathway to the control center.
69
What is a Control Center in homeostasis?
determines the set point, which is the level (or range) at which a variable is to be maintained. It analyzes the input it receives by comparing it to the set point and determines the appropriate response. Output then flows from the control center along the efferent pathway to the effector.
70
How do you remember afferent vs. efferent pathways in homeostasis?
afferent approaches the control center and efferent exits the control center.
71
What is an effector in homeostasis?
Carries out the control center’s response to the stimulus. The results of the response then feedback to influence the effect of the stimulus, either reducing it so that the whole control process is shut off, or enhancing it so that the whole process continues at an even faster rate.
72
What are two examples of positive feedback mechanisms?
Blood Clotting and Contractions during Labor.
73
What is a Positive Feedback Mechanism?
The initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater. Positive Feedback Mechanisms (often called cascades) usually control infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments.
74
What is Anatomical Position?
"Standing at Attention", palms forward, thumbs out.
75
What are some directional terms?
(1) Superior, (2) Inferior, (3) Anterior, (4) Posterior, (5) Medial, (6) Lateral, (7) Intermediate, (8) Proximal, (9) Distal, (10) Superficial (external), (11) Deep (internal)
76
Directional Term: Superior
Upper Body; Above
77
Directional Term: Inferior (Caudal)
Lower Body; Below
78
Superior is also called....
Cranial
79
Inferior is also called....
Caudal
80
Directional Term: Anterior
Towards the front of the body.
81
Directional Term: Posterior
Toward the back of the body.
82
Anterior is also called....
Ventral
83
Posterior is also called....
Dorsal
84
Directional Term: Medial
Toward the midline of the body
85
Directional Term: Lateral
Away from the midline of the body.
86
Directional Term: Intermediate
Between two structures, one being more medial and the other more lateral.
87
Directional Term: Proximal
Closer to the attachment to the trunk of the body.
88
Directional Term: Distal
Far away from the attachment point of the trunk of the body.
89
Directional Term: Superficial (external)
Closer to the surface of the body: the skin.
90
Directional Terms: Deep
More internal to the body; away from skin.
91
What are the two main Regional divisions?
Axial & Appendicular Parts
92
What are Axial Parts?
Head, neck, trunk
93
What are appendicular parts?
Appendages (or limbs) that are attached to the axis.
94
What are four body planes and sections?
(1) Sagittal Plane
(2) Frontal Plane
(3) Transverse Horizontal Plane
(4) Oblique Sections
95
What is the Sagittal Plane?
Vertical Plane dives body into left and right halves.
96
What are the two types of sagittal planes?
Median Plane (Midsagittal Plane) -- exactly in the middle.
Parasagittal Plane -- not exactly in the middle.
97
What is the frontal plane? It is also called the coronal plane.
Vertical Plane dividing anterior and posterior
98
What is the transverse plane?
Horizontal Plane that runs from right to left, dividing the superior and inferior parts. Aka: cross section.
99
What are oblique sections?
diagonal cuts.
100
What is an X-Ray?
Short wavelength electromagnetic waves used to access broken bones, find tumors, and measure bone density. Radiation exposure occurs.
101
What is a CT Scan?
Computed Tomography Scans: reconstruction of a series of x-rays. Detailed cross section of body. Used to look at bones, soft tissues, and blood vessels. More radiation than x-rays.
102
What is a Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)?
visualizes blood vessels by x-ray or CT scan. Inject x-ray absorbing contrast agent before and and after.
103
What is a PET Scan?
Positron Emission Tomography Scans: Uses gamma rays. Used to detect cancer and alzheimer's.
104
What is an MRI?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: magnets used to produce high-contrast images of soft tissues. Used to image the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
105
What is Ultrasound Imaging?
High-frequency sound waves reflect off the body's tissues. Can monitor movement in real time.
106
What are the two main body cavities?
Dorsal Body Cavity & Ventral body Cavity
107
What are the two types of Dorsal Body Cavities?
(1) Cranial Cavity
| (2) Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity
108
What are the two types of Ventral Body Cavities?
(1) Thoracic Cavity
| (2) Abdominopelvic Cavity
109
What is the Thoracic Cavity and what does it include?
Surrounds the ribs and muscles of the chest: Lateral pleural cavities and mediastinum (which includes the pericardial cavity).
110
What is the Abdominopelvic Cavity and what does it include?
Inferior to the Thoracic Cavity.
(1) Superior Portion: Abdominal Cavity
(2) Inferior Portion: Pelvic Cavity
111
What are the types of membrane found in the Ventral Body Cavity?
(1) Parietal Serosa (outside layer)
| 2) Visceral Serosa (inside layer
112
A transverse and a median plane pass through the umbilicus at right angles to form what abdominopelvic quadrants?
Right Upper Quadrant: (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant: (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant: (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant: (LLQ)
113
Two transverse and two parasagittal planes form what regions?
(1,2,3) Right & Left inguinal (iliac) regions are located lateral to the hypogastric region.
(4,5,6) Right & Left Lateral (lumbar) regions lie lateral to the umbilical region.
(7,8,9) Right &” Left Hypochondriac Regions lie lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs.
114
What are some examples of smaller body cavities?
Oral and digestive cavities: mouth and digestive organs, extending to the anus.
Nasal Cavity: nasal and respiratory passageways.
Orbital Cavities: Eyes
Middle Ear Cavities: Middle ear area
Synovial Cavities: joint cavities.
